Christo and Jeane Claude Essay

Christo and Jeane Claude are a husband and wife team. These two artists are famous for transforming the ordinary into fabulous artwork, such as wrapping buildings. They accept no government grants or funding, no donations, their only income is from the sales of their artwork. Nearly all of their artshows take place outdoors, often in public parks requiring no admission fees. Their identity or famous slogan as the wrapping artists came from their controversial work named Wrapped Reichstage, Berlin, 1971-1995, an entire German Parliament Building in silver fabric looking like a wedding cake. (Sternbergh,no date). Many significant national symbols have been transformed and giving new identities by many artists. Buildings, nature’s creations, world events have become best selling books, movies, musicals, songs and plays. Anytime an artist develops anything, adding their identity to it, the item takes on that new image. The Christos saw buildings in a way no one else saw it. The Reichstage building in Berlin became a piece of sculpture or artwork when Christo and Jeane Claude wrapped the building. Artwork expands on natural traditions, allowing others to use their imaginations to interpret the meanings. â€Å"The Christos have created some of the most breathtaking works of the 20th century using fabric in, over through and around natural and constructed forms† Powell, director of national art gallery. The Christos use fabric to give an original style to traditional paintings, sculptures and buildings† (no author, 2002).Wrapping the Reichstage building, giving the illusion of a wedding cake transformed the building into an artistic sculpture. Notes; Sternbergh, Adam (no date) The passion of the Christos; New York Entertainment; nymag. com date retrieved July 24, 2007 http://nymag. com/nymetro/arts/features/10897/ No author (2/4/2002) First American Survey of Christo and Jeanne Claude; artdaily. org; Date retrieved; July 24, 2007 http://www. artdaily. com/section/news/index. asp? int_sec=2&int_new=48&b=Christo%20and%20Jeanne-Claude

Homeschooling Your Child Essay

In America today many parents feel that public or private schools are not doing an adequate job of teaching their children. A lot of people feel that our public schools are focusing too heavily on standardized testing and the curriculum is reflecting test taking skills. The homework   load often becomes too much for the student and takes away from family time- in some cases taking four or more hours a night to complete. In many instances the curriculum moves too fast or too slow and the child becomes bored and less attentive or simply gets lost in the coursework. In a classroom with thirty children a single teacher cannot cater to the needs of every single child and this leaves many lost. Some children are very bright and intelligent but they need one on one teaching to learn and reach their full potential. And some choose not to put their children in public schools because it does not offer a religion based curriculum- something that is very important for some families. Lastly children in public schools also come into contact with negative peer pressure such as drugs and violence and in some instances gun violence takes place in schools. By choosing to educate your child at home you can give your child the opportunity for a better education suited to your child’s individual needs. Reasons that drive parents to homeschooling their children include: too much homework, not enough family time, a curriculum based on standardized testing, negative peer pressure including violence and drugs, and the absence of religion in schools. By homeschooling your child you can control the curriculum and you can choose to include religion in the curriculum and the negative peer pressure from fellow students is not there. In order for children to learn they must be put into the correct setting. â€Å"Securing a sage place free of drugs, gun violence, and negative peer pressure were all factors which turned families toward homeschooling.† (Wichers, 2001, p. 145) Homeschooling Your Child In America today many parents feel that public or private schools are not doing an adequate job of teaching their children. A lot of people feel that our public schools are focusing too heavily on standardized testing and the curriculum is reflecting test taking skills. The homework   load often becomes too much for the student and takes away from family time- in some cases taking four or more hours a night to complete. In many instances the curriculum moves too fast or too slow and the child becomes bored and less attentive or simply gets lost in the coursework. In a classroom with thirty children a single teacher cannot cater to the needs of every single child and this leaves many lost. Some children are very bright and intelligent but they need one on one teaching to learn and reach their full potential. And some choose not to put their children in public schools because it does not offer a religion based curriculum- something that is very important for some families. Lastly children in public schools also come into contact with negative peer pressure such as drugs and violence and in some instances gun violence takes place in schools. This topic is important to me because I feel that one day when I have children homeschooling may be an option for them. With the way things are headed now and the things that go on in our public schools I may feel it is best to teach my children myself when I have them. This topic is relevant to many others because of the same reasons and homeschooling is becoming more popular in America with every year. In today’s society there are a lot of people in America that are searching for alternative methods of educating their children and homeschooling can be a great choice. A few reasons that drive parents to homeschooling their children include:   environmental concerns, such as safety, drugs, and negative peer pressure,desire to provide religious or moral instruction, dissatisfaction with academics at other schools, child’s physical and mental health problems, child’s other special needs, and other reasons, including the child’s choice, flexibility, and greater parental control over education. (Abbott, 2006, p. 49) Some families also face too much homework, not enough family time, and a curriculum based on standardized testing when they have children enrolled in the public school system. Children with disabilities and children who demand a more attentive teacher with one on one teaching are great candidates for homeschooling. I also feel disappointed in the fact that our schools no longer involve religion- not even a simple morning prayer. It is to the point where teachers are reprimanded for mentioning religion of any kind. My faith is very important to me and I would like it if faith based instruction was an everyday part of my child’s education. When I think of the future and what my children may encounter on a daily basis at their school I always think of homeschooling if our public school systems get bad enough. When I hear about the violence and drugs that my future children may encounter while at school I consider homeschooling a great option for my future family. Homeschooling can become a good choice for parents who are tired of the test taking based curriculum and the extreme amount of homework that is required of their children. By choosing to home school, the parent and student can decide on a curriculum that best suites the child and that isn’t based on passing one test at the end of that school year. Another plus side to choosing the curriculum is that parents can choose to teach a faith based curriculum and implement religion classes into the coursework. If a child is getting their education at home usually it will involve much less homework and   the child’s spare time can be spent on extra-curricular activities- something that students often feel they don’t have enough time for. Being homeschooled also gives the student and parents more family time because there’s less homework to be done in the evening. Another reason why parents choose homeschooling is because of the violent and drug filled atmosphere in most public middle and secondary schools. Students encounter negative peer pressure while at school and this can lead to drug or alcohol abuse and violent or rebellious behavior. In an atmosphere such as this a child is not given the best opportunity to succeed and sometimes this is enough to convince parents that in home education is best for their child or children. I can’t think of any parents that I know who would want to send their children to a school filled with drugs and violence and that is not a suitable learning environment. Parents know what is best for their child and know how to create the best environment suitable for their child to learn. In homeschooling, parents can give their children more choice and control in their curriculum while teaching them one on one. If a parent decides to home school their child, that child will have the opportunity to advance at their own pace. Children who are homeschooled often learn at a faster pace because they are being taught one on one usually by a parent. By allowing a child to accelerate at a faster pace the child will not become bored with the content taught and will remain focused and interested in the material being taught. Although many Americans are still skeptical of homeschooling there are many advantages to homeschooling your child. Studies have shown that children who are homeschooled tend to score higher on standardized tests such as advanced placement exams, the ACT, and the SAT than do public schooled children. (McReynolds, 2007) It is also shown that children who are homeschooled attend college at higher rates and are in many cases recruited by universities. (Romanowski, 2006, p. 127) Many prestigious schools such as, â€Å"Brown, Georgetown, Harvard, MIT, Princeton, the United States Military Academy at West Point, UC at Berkeley, University of Michigan, Notre Dame, and Yale† are all universities that accept freshman who have been homeschooled and in some cases recruit students who have mostly been homeschooled. (Romanowski, 2006, p. 127) It is just as easy if not easier for homeschooled children to enter into college. It is reported that children who are educated at home usually score about 15% higher on standardized tests than do publicly schooled children. (Wilhelm, 2009) In the year 2005, students who were homeschooled averaged scores of 22.5 while students educated in public schools averaged a 20.9 score. (Abbott, 2006, p. 50) By choosing to educate your child at home you can give your child the opportunity for a better education suited to your child’s individual needs. Reasons that drive parents to homeschooling their children include: too much homework, not enough family time, a curriculum based on standardized testing, negative peer pressure including violence and drugs, and the absence of religion in schools. By homeschooling your child you can control the curriculum and you can choose to include religion in the curriculum and the negative peer pressure from fellow students is not there. In order for children to learn they must be put into the correct setting. â€Å"Securing a sage place free of drugs, gun violence, and negative peer pressure were all factors which turned families toward homeschooling.† (Wichers, 2001, p. 145) References Abbott, M., & Miller, J. (2006). What you need to learn about homeschooling.  Contemporary Pediatrics,  23(11), 48. Retrieved from CINAHL with Full Text database.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the article titled, â€Å"What you Need to Learn About Homeschooling†, Myles Abbott and Jennifer Miller explore many common reasons why parents choose homeschooling their children over traditional public schools. Abbott and Miller also studied the different

Recrystallization

Most important method for the purification of organic solids ; Separation of compounds based on differences in solubility between the compound of interest and its contaminants ; Basic technique: 1 . Dissolve impure sample in an â€Å"appropriate† hot solvent Part A: Choosing a Solvent Part B: Purification of Phonetic 2. Cool solution slowly to induce crystal growth 3. Filter resulting mixture to isolate crystals Reading: Mooring, Hammond & Chats Chi. 15 pigs 183-197 Chi. 0 pigs 104-113 Chi. 14 pigs 174-182 ; Scale: 5-10 MGM coverer based research – a new material prepared in a lab 1,000 keg + commercial applications – sugar refining, synthesis of pharmaceutical agents, etc. ; Molecular selection pure substance aggregation begins – based on size, shape, & functionality molecules deposit on growing surface in orderly manner, excluding those of different size of shape if deposition occurs too quickly, an impure substance can result crystal defects incorporate d impurities Rationalization Steps 1 .Choose an appropriate solvent – compound (solid) should be soluble when solvent is hot – compound should be insoluble when solvent is cold may require some trial & error 2. Dissolve impure compound in the minimum amount of hot solvent – too much solvent & compound may not come out when cool 3. Decolonize solution if needed with activated charcoal (Norris) – skip this step if no/ few colored impurities are present – be sure your compound is not supposed to be colored! 4. Filter off any insoluble materials – insoluble impurities and/or activated charcoal – done while solution is hot 5.Slowly cool the resulting solution to induce crystallization temperature, then in an ice bath – if no crystals form: scratch flask with glass rod or ad a seed crystal to the solution – first cool to room – these methods provide a nucleation point for crystallization 6. Collect and wash the crystals – collection typically by filtration (large quantities) – for small quantities can remove solvent with a pipette – wash crystals with a small amount of ice cold solvent – filtrate (â€Å"mother liquor†) can be concentrated to get â€Å"2nd crop† 7.Dry the crystals thoroughly – apply vacuum & continue suction until crystals are dry – dry crystals further under vacuum in a side arm test tube – can also press solids between two pieces of filter paper Factors that Influence Melting Point ; Melting Point: point of equilibrium between crystalline & liquid states point at which a crystal goes from solid to liquid ; Temperature at which a compound melts is typically a range Factors that influence melting point temperatures: 1.Intermolecular forces start: temperature at which first drop of liquid forms a. Van deer Walls interactions very weak end: temperature at which all solid has turned to liquid b. Dipole-dipole interactions e. G. 82-ICC ; Why do we care about melting point? 1. Can be used to help identify substances ampere pm of unknown substance with that of known substance result from popularization of bonds c. Hydrogen bonding compounds having O-H or N-H bonds d. Ionic forces take a â€Å"mixed† melting point 2. Is an indicator of purity pure samples have narrow pm ranges (0. – 2 co) impure samples melt over a broader range (>ICC) & are depressed very strong 2. Shape ; strength & nature of intermolecular interactions impact melting point temperature Melting Point as an Indicator of Purity ; In a pure sample, all surface molecules need the same energy to escape. Leads to a narrow melting point range. For melting to occur, surface molecules must have enough energy to break free. Stronger intermolecular interactions = more energy required for molecules to â€Å"escape†.Translates to a higher pm. ; In an impure sample, intermolecular forces are disrupted in the region of the impurit y. Less energy thus required for surface molecules to break free. Crystal begins to liquefy at a lower temperature ; structural features that influence how molecules pack together impact melting point temperature symmetrical compounds typically have higher melting points features that disrupt crystal lattice lower melting point Next Week Experiment 2: Rationalization & Melting Point A.Choosing a Solvent identify an appropriate solvent for the rationalization of phonetic B. Purification of Phonetic purify the impure solid evaluate success by melting point & TTL Come prepared. You will get only one sample of phonetic DUE: Thin Layer Chromatography Lab Report (expo 1) Lab Reports are due at the beginning of your regular lab session ; Still some regions without impurities. Additional energy required for surface molecules in these regions to break free. End result is that melting point range is broadenedExperimental Details – Part A – prepare a hot water bath begin heating as soon as you arrive in lab – put a spatula tip of the impure compound into a small test tube no need to get an accurate mass – to the 1st tube, add 0. 5-1 ml of one of the solvents to be tested 10-20 drops (1 drop = ca. 0. Ml) – evaluate behavior: upon addition of solvent, when hot, when cold if compound dissolves upon addition, no need to go further if solids remain, heat in hot water bath to near boiling

Geothermal Energy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Geothermal Energy - Research Paper Example The researcher states that the heat from the Earth is called geothermal energy and have many advantages as it is renewable and does not spoil the environment. It is renewable because the heat emanating from the earth's interiors is virtually limitless. There are many countries worldwide including U.S that produce geothermal energy in a considerable amount. This paper focuses on the origin of the geothermal energy, scientific principles on which it is based and how it is being harnessed safeguarding our environment. The paper also looks into the cost of production of geothermal energy and other cost economics when compared with the energy produced from fossil fuels. According to the Pacific Northwest Electric Power Planning and Conservation Act of 1980 and the National Energy Policy Act of 1992, geothermal energy is a renewable resource. The reason being rainwater continue to feed the underground aquifers. The Earth's heat is an inexhaustible and continuous source of energy. It is an established fact, mentioned by the researcher that geothermal energy has a promising future due to its environmentally friendly nature and being a renewable type. The cost economics tilt hugely in favor of this renewable source of energy and recent advances in drilling and exploration technology will make it more lucrative in coming years. Global warming and ecological disturbances throughout the world necessitates the use of natural and clean energy resource replacing the fossil fuel based energy as much as possible.

The Emergence Of The Discipline Of Psychology From Its Early Essay

The Emergence Of The Discipline Of Psychology From Its Early Philosophical And Natural Science Beginnings - Essay Example He and his colleagues focused serious interest on studying the mind through experimental introspection. Introspection is the detailed mental self-examination of feelings and thoughts as they occurred. The research involved meticulous observation of simple events under controlled conditions-one that could be measured as to quality, intensity, or duration-and recording of the responses to variations of those events. The emphasis on control and measurement in these investigations were what first established psychology as a scientific discipline. Wundt initiated the concept of stating mental events in relation to objectively knowable and measurable stimuli and reactions. William James of the same era also followed the psychological method of introspection in The Principles, in which he defines as "the looking into our own minds and reporting what we there discover." However, J.B. Watson questioned the soundness of those approaches, reasoning that if one introspection yield a different result with another wouldn't necessarily mean that one set of results is correct and the other is incorrect. He argued that it was impossible to prove or disprove the results obtained by that method. He suggested that studies be confined to what can be measured and observed by more than one person. With that, Behaviorism was formed.

Care of patient undergoing general anesthesia Essay

Care of patient undergoing general anesthesia - Essay Example In this assignment a case study approach has been taken to identify different anesthesia related activities and their rationale which will be corroborated to examine whether these activities are based on evidence from scientific literature on anesthesia. This is a case of a 40-year-old female who had been admitted for undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy to the hospital. It was decided that the patient will under the surgery undergo the surgery under general anesthesia. This patient was found to be having no associated medical disease, and the preoperative investigations revealed that she has optimal medical condition to undergo anesthesia. Since anesthesia and elective operations should not proceed until the patient is in optimal medical condition, through the preoperative medical tests it had been demonstrated that she has no significant perioperative risks, it was decided that it would be safe to proceed (Adams et al., 1998). In the operating room, before subjecting the patient to anesthesia, all the equipments must be tested for safety in that they are in the right condition of use. The anesthetic assistant is supposed to help the anesthesiologist in the operating room in major cases, and he hardly has time to check these in the equipment supplied. Therefore, one of the important roles of the anesthetic assistant to check and make sure that the equipments used for anesthesia are in a condition, where no catastrophe will happen (May et al., 2007). In inhalational anesthesia, a oxygen and nitrous oxide mixture is inhaled. Liquid oxygen storage temperature must be checked. The only reliable way to determine residual volume of nitrous oxide is to weigh the cylinder. The assistant must record those. The pin index safety system must be examined. The role of the assistant is to check medical gas systems thoroughly so medical gas depletion or supply line misconnection is detected or prevented. It is also important to arrange an emergency

Repo 105 Lehman Brothers Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Repo 105 Lehman Brothers - Term Paper Example The Repo 105 has been a practice being conducted by several companies in the current world of business in order to gain financial support or other favors from the stakeholders. However, this research paper aims to explore the usage of Repo 105 by Lehman Brothers that steered to its bankruptcy. In particular, the paper makes a focus on the perceived fraud in Lehman Brothers, the response from the corporation and the government, the core issue behind the fraud, and the suggested steps that could have prevented such a misconduct to occur. The purpose of the paper is to establish the financial viability of the accounting responsibilities of the organizations and the impacts associated with poor accounting and financial concepts and decisions. This exhibits the importance of morality and transparency of the overall business and corporate world. Lehman Brothers Holding Inc. was among the largest firm globally offering financial services. In fact, it was the fourth largest investment bank the United States before the declaration of its bankruptcy. It offered services such as sale of equity and fixed incomes, trading, investment banking, private banking and equity, investment management, and financial research. Lehman Brothers filed for bankruptcy on September 15, 2008, thereby breaking the world records for being the largest with $619 billion in debts and $639 billions for their assets. Their asset surpassed the previous corporate giants such as Enron and WorldCom that had followed the similar trend of bankruptcy. Lehman Brothers was the largest victim of the induced 2008’s financial crisis of the US that affects the global financial markets. Its collapse contributed to more injuries in the 2008 financial crisis, as it steered the erosion of more money from global equity markets, which caused the decrease of the market capitalization efforts. For

LLM Human Rights -International criminal law Essay

LLM Human Rights -International criminal law - Essay Example ncy of international armed conflicts facilitated by the oppressive regimes has not only caused grave violation of fundamental human rights but has also radically spurred the rate of victimization. Although, according to reports, the number of deaths since World War II, has declined significantly, there are still several regions wherein such conflicts have caused wide spread damage and loss of life and property raising the death toll in the process, and all efforts to contain or restrict such conflicts have largely been reported to be unsuccessful1. Such victimization caused by international armed conflicts include genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, extra judicial carnages, persecution, and random arrest detainment etc, which amount to a grave violation of the international human rights law 2. Present-day armed conflicts, are more often than not, occur on account of strain between governments of different nations or in case of non international armed conflicts, between non state actors or minority groups and the governing authorities. The analytical report presented by the U.N. secretary general on the minimum humanitarian standards, state that modern day conflicts are most often, driven by conditions whereby a particular group or groups take up arms against the other in the quest for attaining their own political aspirations and goals, for instance, for seizing control, or creation of self – government for safeguarding the rights of their particular minority groups, or with a view to depose the existing ruling authority and establish their own regime. Some other characteristic factors which give rise to such conflict include situations where the present government has disintegrated or is rendered permanently incapacitated or is disinclined to arbitrate, impede or avert such violence between the armed groups3. Moreover, the types of human rights abuses which occur during such armed conflicts reveal that the civilian population in

How do diabetes management teams increase patient concordance among Dissertation

How do diabetes management teams increase patient concordance among type 2 diabetics - Dissertation Example How do diabetes management teams increase patient concordance among type 2 diabetics: a Literature Review Douglas M Vergne Dissertation submitted as part of the requirements for the award of MSc Advanced Practice University of Dundee, June, 2013. ... M Vergne 070017010, am declaring that I am the sole author of this dissertation; that the work has not previously been accepted as part of any other degree submission; that all references cited have been consulted; that I have conducted all the work of which this is a record, and that the finished work contains (21844) words with allowable exclusions. Date: 1-13-2012 LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Scoring System for Study Validity p. 21 Table 2: Results of the Review p. 57 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS To my family for giving me the support needed to see me through this challenge. I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my mentors here at school, for their patience guidance, confidence and encouragement. I hope this will make you proud. Of course, I will never forget my friends, for being with me through thick and thin, through happiness and sadness, and to achievements and trials. PERMISSION TO COPY The School of Nursing & Midwifery keeps electronic copies of all Masters Dissertations. An impor tant reason for this is that the University library no longer stores hard bound copies of Masters Dissertations. This means that they are no longer available in the public domain for future students should they wish to access them. We would wish to make the Dissertations of Masters Graduates available to future students by placing a range of examples from previous students on My Dundee. We may elect to use your Dissertation as one of the examples. Note that your name will be removed from the dissertation should we choose to use it, so you will not be identifiable. However, you do not have to agree to this if you do not wish to, without giving a reason and without any negative consequence. It is for this reason that we are inviting you to choose one of the two following options. OPTION A: By

Life History as a method os Social Research Essay

Life History as a method os Social Research - Essay Example Choosing a candidate for my life history interview was one of the toughest decisions. As I sat on my study desk wondering who could give me a valuable insight on a society that existed more than half a century ago, I was startled by the shrill ring of the phone. It was my childhood friend who was of Indian origin .he had called to invite me over to his house as it happened to be an Indian festival and his grandma had dished out a myriad of delicacies which he wanted me to try out. And that was the moment a brilliant idea crossed my head. His grandma! Nobody could be a better subject for my interview- a different country altogether with a plethora of varied cultures and all of them in stark contrast with our own! Before I knew I was at his doorstep with my stationary, Dictaphone and artillery of questions I had framed on my way. To my disappointment, the going was not destined to be smooth. My friend's grandma is a very shy and reserved lady and she felt a bit awkward and uncomfortabl e when I approached her with my request. To start with, she just couldn't comprehend as to why someone would want to interview her and believed that she had nothing worthy enough to talk about. She also looked quite intimidated by my Dictaphone and elaborate stationary. After an hour of persuasion, pleading and begging she consented but only if I promised to safeguard her anonymity. Therefore, hereon I am going to call her "Gran". After a "warm up" session of friendly chit- chat; she gradually opened up and let me into her life story. Today, for me she was not a friend's grandmother but a woman who represented her entire community and whose words and opinions I was probably going to generalize to a whole population. I read quite bit about the plight of woman in India during yesteryears and the oppression the faced, so I decided to probe her on the issue. Gran turned 70 this summer. She was born to an average marwadi Indian family in early 1940's and raised among two younger brothers. Her childhood saw the period when India and Pakistan were undergoing a partition. She did school till about fifth grade and then was forced to drop out because her parents could not afford to send three children to school and since they felt it was more important to educate a male child , she was the obvious choice for sacrifice. Girls were at that time never really considered a permanent member of the family since they married and moved out to their husbands house, thus investing on them in any way seemed to make no sense to parents. She however is self-educating herself out of her brother's textbooks whenever she could. "I simply loved math's, I think I would have made a good teacher!" she says with a glint in her eyes. She was barely into her teenage ( which was common in 1950's) when she was married to a guy she had never seen or known and within a day her life took drastic turn - a whole new family, an unfamiliar city, a stranger she was supposed to call "husband" and spend the rest of her life with! . It was not long before it dawned upon her that her in-laws had demanded a huge amount in cash and kind to accept her as their daughter -in -law. These demands kept increasing in frequency and outrageousness and her family had no choice but to oblige because a woman abandoned by her husband and her family ha

Two of years studying a foreign language should be required in high Essay - 2

Two of years studying a foreign language should be required in high school - Essay Example I took advantage of the subject of English in the school. It was fun. Studying foreign Languages is of extreme importance in the contemporary age. â€Å"Primarily, learning a second language provides countless opportunities† (â€Å"Is Learning†). Firstly, learning a new language is similar to discovering it which is adventurous. I found it the most terrific experience in the world. Young people should learn another language. The government should make this decision easy for the students. For example, the schools can start over with the lessons of music in a foreign language. Students would face difficulty in the start. Another way to make learning a foreign language easy is to use the language in playing. For example, the teacher can set competition between the students and offer a gift to the winner. The students would really like it. In addition, there are other benefits of doing that. This is how to deal with other people. Secondly, dealing with other people using English language is such a good thing. Many countries use English as one of the most commonly used languages especially in learning institutions. For instance, Saudi Arabia students use English as the instructional language. I had a personal experience on benefits of learning English when I traveled to France. I was scared of being lost because I do not speak French. However, I used English language to speak to people at the airport. Therefore, I am encouraging people use English as professional Language especially considering that English is the most widely used language in the world. Thirdly, studying English improves learning skills. "In general, competitive colleges require at least two years of foreign language classes in high school" (Grove). Students should practice and do their homework in English. This is important considering that reading is the most important learning skill. Students should read a lot stories and journals to improve their

Social Justice Essay Example for Free

Social Justice Essay Social justice is defined as justice exercised within a society, particularly as it is exercised by and among the various social classes of that society. A socially just society is defined by its advocates and practitioners as being based on the principles of equality and solidarity; this pedagogy also maintains that the socially just society both understands and values human rights, as well as recognizing the dignity of every human being.[1][2] The Constitution of the International Labour Organization affirms that universal and lasting peace can be established only if it is based upon social justice. [3]Furthermore, the Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action treats social justice as a purpose of the human rights education.[4] The term and modern concept of social justice was coined by the Jesuit Luigi Taparelli in 1840 based on the teachings of St. Thomas Aquinas and given further exposure in 1848 byAntonio Rosmini-Serbati.[1][2][5][6][7] The phrase has taken on a very controverted and variable meaning, depending on who is using it. The idea was elaborated by the moral theologian John A. Ryan, who initiated the concept of a living wage. Father Coughlin also used the term in his publications in the 1930s and the 1940s. It is a part of Catholic social teaching, the Protestants Social Gospel, and is one of the Four Pillars of the Green Partyupheld by green parties worldwide. Social justice as a secular concept, distinct from religious teachings, emerged mainly in the late twentieth century, influenced primarily by philosopher John Rawls. Some tenets of social justice have been adopted by those on theleft of the political spectrum. - Theories of social justice [edit]Social justice from religious traditions [edit]Judaism Main article: Tikkun olam In To Heal a Fractured World: The Ethics of Responsibility, Rabbi Jonathan Sacks states that social justice has a central place inJudaism. One of Judaism’s most distinctive and challenging ideas is its ethics of responsibility reflected in the concepts of simcha(gladness or joy), tzedakah (the religious obligation to perform charity and philanthropic acts), chesed (deeds of kindness), andtikkun olam (repairing the world). Christianity Catholicism Main article: Catholic social teaching Catholic social teaching consists of those aspects of Roman Catholic doctrine which relate to matters dealing with the collective aspect of humanity. A distinctive feature of the Catholic social doctrine is their concern for the poorest members of society. Two of the seven key areas[8] of Catholic social teaching are pertinent to social justice: * Life and dignity of the human person: The foundational principle of all Catholic Social Teaching is the sanctity of all human life and the inherent dignity of every human person. Human life must be valued above all material possessions. * Preferential option for the poor and vulnerable: Catholics believe Jesus taught that on the Day of Judgement God will ask what each person did to help the poor and needy: Amen, I say to you, whatever you did for one of these least brothers of mine, you did for me.[9] The Catholic Church believes that through words, prayers and deeds one must show solidarity with, and compassion for, the poor. The moral tes t of any society is how it treats its most vulnerable members. The poor have the most urgent moral claim on the conscience of the nation. People are called to look at public policy decisions in terms of how they affect the poor.[10] Even before it was propounded in the Catholic social doctrine, social justice appeared regularly in the history of the Catholic Church: * The term social justice was adopted by the Jesuit Luigi Taparelli in the 1840s, based on the work of St. Thomas Aquinas. He wrote extensively in his journal Civiltà   Cattolica, engaging both capitalist and socialist theories from a natural law viewpoint. His basic premise was that the rival economic theories, based on subjective Cartesian thinking, undermined the unity of society present in Thomistic metaphysics; neither the liberal capitalists nor the communists concerned themselves with public moral philosophy. * Pope Leo XIII, who studied under Taparelli, published in 1891 the encyclical Rerum Novarum (On the Condition of the Working Classes), rejecting both socialism and capitalism, while defending labor unions and private property. He stated that society should be based on cooperation and not class conflict and competition. In this document, Leo set out the Catholic Churchs response to the social instability and labor conflict that had arisen in the wake of industrialization and had led to the rise of socialism. The Pope advocated that the role of the State was to promote social justice through the protection of rights, while the Church must speak out on social issues in order to teach correct social principles and ensure class harmony. * The encyclical Quadragesimo Anno (On Reconstruction of the Social Order, literally in the fortieth year) of 1931 by Pope Pius XI, encourages a living wage, subsidiarity, and advocates that social justice is a personal virtue as well as an attribute of the social order, saying that society can be just only if individuals and institutions are just. * Pope John Paul II added much to the corpus of the Catholic social teaching, penning three encyclicals which would deal with issues such as economics, politics, geo-political situations, ownership of the means of production, private property and the social mortgage, and private property. The encyclicals of Laborem Exercens, Solicitudo Rei Socialis, and Centesimus Annus are just a small portion of his overall contribution to Catholic social justice. Pope John Paul II was a strong advocate of justice and human rights, and spoke forcefully for the poor. He addresses issues such as the problems that technology can present should it be misused, and admits a fear that the progress of the world is not true progress at all, if it should denigrate the value of the human person. * Pope Benedict XVIs encyclical Deus Caritas Est (God is Love) of 2006 claims that justice is the defining concern of the state and the central concern of politics, and not of the church, which has charity as its central social concern. It said that the laity has the specific responsibility of pursuing social justice in civil society and that the churchs active role in social justice should be to inform the debate, using reason and natural law, and also by providing moral and spiritual formation for those involved in politics. * The official Catholic doctrine on social justice can be found in the book Compendium of the Social Doctrine of the Church, published in 2004 and updated in 2006, by the Pontifical Council Iustitia et Pax. Methodism From its founding, Methodism was a Christian social justice movement. Under John Wesleys direction, Methodists became leaders in many social justice issues of the day, including the prison reform andabolitionism movements. Wesley himself was among the first to preach for slaves rights attracting significant opposition.[11][12][13] Today, social justice plays a major role in the United Methodist Church. The Book of Discipline of the United Methodist Church says, it is a governmental responsibility to provide all citizens with health care.[14] The United Methodist Church also teaches Population control as part of its doctrine.[15] Hinduism Ancient Hindu society was based on equality of all beings. However, to divide labor society divided itself into hundreds of tribes[Jati]. India was governed by people of non-Hindu faiths from the 8th century which caused ruptures in societal fabric. Caste is a word from the Portuguese word casta and caste came to define the jatis only 500 years ago. Considerable social engineering occurred during the British rule which impacted the societys self governance. There was some social injustice in which some jatis considered themselves superior to others (just as in the western societies). The present day jati hierarchy is undergoing changes for variety of reasons including social justice,which is a politically popular stance in democratic India. Institutionalized affirmative action has swung the pendulum. The disparity and wide inequalities in social behaviour to some of the jatis led to various reform movements in hinduism for centuries. While legally outlawed, the caste system remains s trong in practice, with social and employment opportunities strongly governed by ones caste of birth.[16] Vivekanandas calls to promote social justice have been largely heeded. Of course there is room for improvement as in the rest of the world. Islam | This section requires expansion. (July 2011)| The Quran contains numerous references to elements of social justice. For example, one of Islams Five Pillars is ZakÄ t, or alms-giving. Charity and assistance to the poor – concepts central to social justice – are and have historically been important parts of the Islamic faith. In Muslim history, Islamic governance has often been associated with social justice. Establishment of social justice was one of the motivating factors of the Abbasid revolt against the Umayyads.[17] The Shiite believe that the return of the Mahdi will herald in the messianic age of justice and the Mahdi along with the Messiah (Jesus) will end plunder, torture, oppression and discrimination.[18] For the Muslim Brotherhood the implementation of social justice would require the rejection of consumerism and communism. The Brotherhood strongly affirmed the right to private property as well as differences in personal wealth due to factors such as hard work. However, the Brotherhood held Muslims had an obligation to assist those Muslims in need. It held that zakat (alms-giving) was not voluntary charity, but rather the poor had the right to assistance from the more fortunate.[19] [edit]John Rawls Main article: John Rawls Political philosopher John Rawls draws on the utilitarian insights of Bentham and Mill, the social contract ideas of John Locke, and thecategorical imperative ideas of Kant. His first statement of principle was made in A Theory of Justice where he proposed that, Each person possesses an inviolability founded on justice that even the welfare of society as a whole cannot override. For this reason justice denies that the loss of freedom for some is made right by a greater good shared by others..[20] A deontological proposition that echoes Kant in framing the moral good of justice in absolutist terms. His views are definitively restated in Political Liberalism where society is seen as a fair system of co-operation over time, from one generation to the next..[21] All societies have a basic structure of social, economic, and political institutions, both formal and informal. In testing how well these elements fit and work together, Rawls based a key test of legitimacy on the theories of soc ial contract. To determine whether any particular system of collectively enforced social arrangements is legitimate, he argued that one must look for agreement by the people who are subject to it, but not necessarily to an objective notion of justice based on coherent ideological grounding. Obviously, not every citizen can be asked to participate in a poll to determine his or her consent to every proposal in which some degree of coercion is involved, so one has to assume that all citizens are reasonable. Rawls constructed an argument for a two-stage process to determine a citizens hypothetical agreement: * The citizen agrees to be represented by X for certain purposes, and, to that extent, X holds these powers as a trustee for the citizen. * X agrees that enforcement in a particular social context is legitimate. The citizen, therefore, is bound by this decision because it is the function of the trustee to represent the citizen in this way. This applies to one person who represents a small group (e.g., the organiser of a social event setting a dress code) as equally as it does to national governments, which are ultimate trustees, holding representative powers for the benefit of all citizens within their territorial boundaries. Governments that fail to provide for welfare of their citizens according to the principles of justice are not legitimate. To emphasise the general principle that justice should rise from the people and not be dictated by the law-making powers of governments, Rawls asserted that, There is a general presumption against imposing legal and other restrictions on conduct without sufficient reason. But this presumption creates no special priority for any particular liberty.[22] This is support for an unranked set of liberties that reasonable citizens in all states should respect and uphold — to some extent, the list proposed by Rawls matches the normative human rights that have international recognition and direct enforcement in some nation states where the citizens need encouragement to act in a way that fixes a greater degree of equality of outcome. The basic liberties according to Rawls * Freedom of thought; * Liberty of conscience as it affects social relationships on the grounds of religion, philosophy, and morality; * Political liberties (e.g. representative democratic institutions, freedom of speech and the press, and freedom of assembly); * Freedom of association; * Freedoms necessary for the liberty and integrity of the person (viz: freedom from slavery, freedom of movement and a reasonable degree of freedom to choose ones occupation); and * Rights and liberties covered by the rule of law. Criticism The concept of social justice has come under criticism from a variety ofperspectives. Many authors criticize the idea that there exists an objective standard of social justice. Moral relativists deny that there is any kind of objective standard for justice in general. Non-cognitivists, moral skeptics, moral nihilists, and most logical positivists deny the epistemic possibility of objective notions of justice. Cynics (such as Niccolà ² Machiavelli[citation needed]) believe that any ideal of social justice is ultimately a mere justification for the status quo. Many other people accept some of the basic principles of social justice, such as the idea that all human beings have a basic level of value, but disagree with the elaborate conclusions that may or may not follow from this. One example is the statement by H. G. Wellsthat all people are equally entitled to the respect of their fellowmen.[23] On the other hand, some scholars reject the very idea of social justice as meaningless, re ligious, self-contradictory, and ideological, believing that to realize any degree of social justice is unfeasible, and that the attempt to do so must destroy all liberty. Perhaps the most complete rejection of the concept of social justice comes from Friedrich Hayek of the Austrian School of economics: There can be no test by which we can discover what is socially unjust because there is no subject by which such an injustice can be committed, and there are no rules of individual conduct the observance of which in the market order would secure to the individuals and groups the position which as such (as distinguished from the procedure by which it is determined) would appear just to us. [Social justice] does not belong to the category of error but to that of nonsense, like the term `a moral stone.[24] Ben ONeill of the University of New South Wales argues that, for proponents of social justice:[25] the notion of rights is a mere term of entitlement, indicative of a claim for any possible desirable good, no matter how important or trivial, abstract or tangible, recent or ancient. It is merely an assertion of desire, and a declaration of intention to use the language of rights to acquire said desire. In fact, since the program of social justice inevitably involves claims for government provision of goods, paid for through the efforts of others, the term actually refers to an intention to useforce to acquire ones desires. Not to earn desirable goods by rational thought and action, production and voluntary exchange, but to go in there and forcibly take goods from those who can supply them! Janusz Korwin-Mikke argues simply: Either social justice has the same meaning as justice – or not. If so – why use the additional word social? We lose time, we destroy trees to obtain paper necessary to print this word. If not, if social justice means something different from justice – then something different from justice is by definition injustice' Sociologist Carl L. Bankston has argued that a secular, leftist view of social justice entails viewing the redistribution of goods and resources as based on the rights of disadvantaged categories of people, rather than on compassion or national interest. Bankston maintains that this secular version of social justice became widely accepted due to the rise of demand-side economics and to the moral influence of the civil rights movement.[26] Cosmic values Hunter Lewis work promoting natural healthcare and sustainable economies advocates for conservation as a key premise in social justice. His manifesto on sustainability ties the continued thriving of human life to real conditions, the environment supporting that life, and associates injustice with the detrimental effects of unintended consequences of human actions. Quoting classical Greek thinkers like Epicurus on the good of pursuing happiness, Hunter also cites ornithologist, naturalist, and philosopher Alexander Skutch in his book Moral Foundations: The common feature which unites the activities most consistently forbidden by the moral codes of civilized peoples is that by their very nature they cannot be both habitual and enduring, because they tend to destroy the conditions which make them possible.[27] Pope Benedict XVI cites Teilhard de Chardin in a vision of the cosmos as a living host [28] embracing an understanding of ecology that includes mankindss relationship to fellow me n, that pollution affects not just the natural world but interpersonal relations also. Cosmic harmony, justice and peace are closely interrelated: If you want to cultivate peace, protect creation.[29] - Social justice movements Social justice is also a concept that is used to describe the movement towards a socially just world, i.e., the Global Justice Movement. In this context, social justice is based on the concepts of human rights and equality, and can be defined as the way in which human rights are manifested in the everyday lives of people at every level of society.[30] A number of movements are working to achieve social justice in society.[31][32] These movements are working towards the realization of a world where all members of a society, regardless of background or procedural justice, have basic human rights and equal access to the benefits of their society. Interfaith Social Assistance Reform Coalition The Interfaith Social Justice Reform Coalition (ISARC) is Ontarios largest interfaith organization dedicated to faith-based approaches to public policy reform in the areas of social justice and poverty eradication. ISARC has a shared hope to mobilize, facilitate, and empower diverse faith communities to research, educate and advocate for public policy for the elimination of poverty in Ontario. ISARCs values include human dignity, social equity, mutual responsibility, fiscal fairness, economic equity and environmental sustainability. Since 1986, ISARC has been a leader in mobilizing faith communities to advocate for systemic change in the Province of Ontario, Canada. Liberation theology Main article: Liberation theology Liberation theology[33] is a movement in Christian theology which conveys the teachings of Jesus Christ in terms of a liberation from unjust economic, political, or social conditions. It has been described by proponents as an interpretation of Christian faith through the poors suffering, their struggle and hope, and a critique of society and the Catholic faith and Christianity through the eyes of the poor,[34] and by detractors as Christianity perverted by Marxism and Communism.[35] Although liberation theology has grown into an international and inter-denominational movement, it began as a movement within theCatholic Church in Latin America in the 1950s – 1960s. It arose principally as a moral reaction to the poverty caused by social injusticein that region. It achieved prominence in the 1970s and 1980s. The term was coined by the Peruvian priest, Gustavo Gutià ©rrez, who wrote one of the movements most famous books, A Theology of Liberation (1971). According to Sarah Kleeb, Marx would surely take issue, she writes, with the appropriation of his works in a religious contextthere is no way to reconcile Marxs views of religion with those of Gutierrez, they are simply incompatible. Despite this, in terms of their understanding of the necessity of a just and righteous world, and the nearly inevitable obstructions along such a path, the two have much in common; and, particularly in the first edition of [A Theology of Liberation], the use of Marxian theory is quite evident.[36][dead link] Other noted exponents are Leonardo Boff of Brazil, Jon Sobrino of El Salvador, and Juan Luis Segundo of Uruguay.[37][38] Social justice in healthcare Social justice has more recently made its way into the field of bioethics. Discussion involves topics such as affordable access to health care, especially for low income households and families. The discussion also raises questions such as whether society should bear healthcare costs for low income families, and whether the global marketplace is a good thing to deal with healthcare. Ruth Faden and Madison Powers of the Johns Hopkins Berman Institute of Bioethics focus their analysis of social justice on which inequalities matter the most. They develop a social justice theory that answers some of these questions in concrete settings. Social injustices occur when there is a preventable difference in health states among a population of people. These social injustices take on the form of health inequities when negative health states such as malnourishment, and infectious diseases are more prevalent among an impoverished nation.[39] These negative health states can often be prevented by providing social and economic structures such as Primary Healthcare which ensure the general population has equal access to health care services regardless of income level, gender, education or any other stratifying factor. Integrating social justice to health inherently reflects the social determinants of health model without discounting the role of the bio-medical model.[40] [edit]Social justice and human rights education Main article: Human rights education The Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action affirm that Human rights education should include peace, democracy, development and social justice, as set forth in international and regional human rights instruments, in order to achieve common understanding and awareness with a view to strengthening universal commitment to human rights.[41] A general definition of social justice is hard to arrive at and even harder to implement. In essence, social justice is concerned with equal justice, not just in the courts, but in all aspects of society. This concept demands that people have equal rights and opportunities; everyone, from the poorest person on the margins of society to the wealthiest deserves an even playing field. But what do the words â€Å"just† or â€Å"fair† mean, and what defines equal? Who should be responsible for making sure society is a just and fair place? How do you implement policies regarding social justice? Alternately, should you legislate for justice in society or merely rely on the moral compass of society’s members? From a political stance that is leftist, you must legislate to create a just society, and various programs need to exist in order to collect monies needed to even the playing field between rich, middle class, poor and those people who are routinely marginalized by s ociety. Equal rights can be defined as equal access to things that make it possible for people in any societal sector to be successful. Therefore, leftist philosophy would support things like anti-discrimination laws and equal opportunity programs, and would favor taxation, especially of those who make a lot of money, to pay for programs that help provide equality for all. The far left would argue that there are certain basic needs that must be offered to all. These include things like truly equal education and safety in all schools and programs that would help all children have the financial opportunity to attend college. Far left groups, often termed socialist even if they differ from true definitions of socialism, further argue that a just society cannot be had unless everyone has access to food, safe shelter and medical care. The way to achieve this is through taxation and government implementation of programs that will guarantee these things for all people. The right political stance equally endorses a just society, but may criticize those who make poor choices and feel that while equal opportunity should exist, a government should not legislate for this. In fact it is argued that social justice is diminished when governments create programs to deal with it, especially when these programs call for greater taxation. Instead, those who have more money should be encouraged to be philanthropic, not by paying higher taxes, which is arguably unjust. From a religious perspective, you’ll find people all over the political spectrum who argue forsocial justice. Many Christian groups believe that you bring about justice through Christlike actions of mercy, especially those that help people who have been marginalized by society. Islamic perspective on social justice is similar; one of the Five Pillars of Islam is that all must give to the poor. However, certain sects of Islam promote views of women and men as different; women are not equal to and are subservient to men. The postmodern critique on the idea of a just society provokes interesting debate. Can there ever be a just society? Can we ever view all people as inherently equal and entitled to the same rights and privileges? It’s hard to know, since most philosophers would argue that no one has ever created a completely just society, where all people have an even chance. Even in the most socialist nations, there is poverty and unequal distribution of wealth. In societies like the US, which hinge on creating social justice, we have distinct problems, like hungry children, homelessness, and problems with making sure all children receive the same high standard of education. This is no reason to abandon attempting to promote a just society and trying to aim for it. Yet due to the complex nature of society, the US may not ever fully achieve justice for all, and the debate of how to achieve this state is ongoing. â€Å"Social justice is about equality and fairness between human beings. It works on the universal principles that guide people in knowing what is right and what is wrong. This is also about keeping a balance between groups of people in a society or a community. Social justice is an underlying principle for peaceful and prosperous coexistence within and among nations. We uphold the principles of social justice when we promote gender equality or the rights of indigenous peoples and migrants. We advance social justice when we remove barriers that people face because of gender, age, race, ethnicity, religion, culture or disability.† Source: United Nations Our Commitment To Social Justice As Social Justice refers to creating a society that is based on the principles of equality and understanding the value of human rights, it is in direct alignment with our organisational values and philosophy. As an organisation of over 650 staff, we have embraced the Social Justice message and looked at powerful ways to raise awareness and showcase our advocacy for Social Justice throughout the community. FSGA collectively advocates for Social Justice by giving it a regular ‘Day’. Every Wednesday all FSGA staff are encouraged to wear something orange, to remind them of the FSGA value and philosophy and what we are advocating and working towards. The signature of modern leftist rhetoric is the deployment of terminology that simply cannot fail to command assent. As Orwell himself recognized, even slavery could be sold if labeled freedom. In this vein, who could ever conscientiously oppose the pursuit of social justice, i.e., a just society? To understand social justice, we must contrast it with the earlier view of justice against which it was conceived one that arose as a revolt against political absolutism. With a government (e.g., a monarchy) that is granted absolute power, it is impossible to speak of any injustice on its part. If it can do anything, it cant do anything wrong. Justice as a political/legal term can begin only when limitations are placed upon the sovereign, i.e., when men define what is unjust for government to do. The historical realization traces from the Roman senate to Magna Carta to the U.S. Constitution to the 19th century. It was now a matter of justice that government not arrest citizens arbitrarily , sanction their bondage by others, persecute them for their religion or speech, seize their property, or prevent their travel. This culmination of centuries of ideas and struggles became known as liberalism. And it was precisely in opposition to this liberalism not feudalism or theocracy or the ancien rà ©gime, much less 20th century fascism that Karl Marx formed and detailed the popular concept of social justice, (which has become a kind of new and improved substitute for a storeful of other terms Marxism, socialism, collectivism that, in the wake of Communisms history and collapse, are nowunsellable). The history of all existing society, he and Engels declared, is the history of class struggles. Freeman and slave, patrician and plebian, lord and serf oppressor and oppressed, stood in sharp opposition to each other. They were quite right to note the political castes and resulting clashes of the pre-liberal era. The expositors of liberalism (Spencer, Maine) saw their ethic, by establishing the political equality of all (e.g., the abolition of slavery, serfdom, and inequality of rights), as moving manki nd from a society of status to a society of contract. Alas, Marx the Prophet could not accept that the classless millenium had arrived before he did. Thus, he revealed to a benighted humanity that liberalism was in fact merely another stage of Historys class struggle capitalism with its own combatants: the proletariat and the bourgeoisie. The former were manual laborers, the latter professionals and business owners. Marxs classes were not political castes but occupations. Today the terms have broadened to mean essentially income brackets. If Smith can make a nice living from his writing, hes a bourgeois; if Jones is reciting poetry for coins in a subway terminal, hes a proletarian. But the freedoms of speech and enterprise that they share equally are nothing but lies and falsehoods so long as their differences in affluence and influence persist (Luxemburg). The unbroken line from The Communist Manifesto to its contemporary adherents is that economic inequality is the monstrous injustice of the capitalist system, which must be replaced by an ideal of social justice a classless society created by the elimination of all differences in wealth and power. Give Marx his due: He was absolutely correct in identifying the political freedom of liberalism the right of each man to do as he wishes with his own resources as the origin of income disparity under capitalism. If Smith is now earning a fortune w hile Jones is still stuck in that subway, its not because of the class into which each was born, to say nothing of royal patronage. They are where they are because of how the common man spends his money. Thats why some writers sell books in the millions, some sell them in the thousands, and still others cant even get published. It is the choices of the masses (the market) that create the inequalities of fortune and fame and the only way to correct those injustices is to control those choices. Every policy item on the leftist agenda is merely a deduction from this fundamental premise. Private property and the free market of exchange are the most obvious hindrances to the implementation of that agenda, but hardly the only. Also verboten is the choice to emigrate, which removes one and ones wealth from the pool of resources to be redirected by the demands of social justice and its enforcers. And crucial to the justification of a classless society is the undermining of any notion that individuals are responsible for their behavior and its consequences. To maintain the illusion that classes still exist under capitali sm, it cannot be conceded that the haves are responsible for what they have or that the have nots are responsible for what they have not. Therefore, people are what they are because of where they were born into the social order as if this were early 17th century France. Men of achievement are pointedly referred to as the priviliged as if they were given everything and earned nothing. Their seeming accomplishments are, at best, really nothing more than the results of the sheer luck of a beneficial social environment (or even in the allowance of one egalitarian, John Rawls natural endowment). Consequently, the haves do not deserve what they have. The flip side of this is the insistence that the have nots are, in fact, the underpriviliged, who have been denied their due by an unjust society. If some men wind up behind bars, they are (to borrow from Broadway) depraved only because they are deprived. Environmental determinism, once an almost sacred doctrine of official Soviet academe, thrives as the social constructionist orthodoxy of todays anti-capitalist left. The theory of behavioral scientists and their boxed rats serviceably parallels the practice of a Central Planning Board and its closed society. The imperative of economic equality also generates a striking opposition between social justice and its liberal rival. The equality of the latter, weve noted, is the equality of all individuals in the eyes of the law the protection of the political rights of each man, irrespective of class (or any assigned collective identity, hence the blindfold of Justice personified). However, this political equality, also noted, spawns the difference in class between Smith and Jones. All this echoes Nobel laureate F.A. Hayeks observation that if we treat them equally [politically], the result must be inequality in their actual [i.e., economic] position. The irresistable conclusion is that the only way to place them in an equal [economic] position would be to treat them differently [politically] precisely the conclusion that the advocates of social justice themselves have always reached. In the nations that had instituted this resolution throughout their legal systems, different political treatm ent came to subsume the extermination or imprisonment of millions because of their class origins. In our own American mixed economy, which mixes differing systems of justice as much as economics, social justice finds expression in such policies and propositions as progressive taxation and income redistribution; affirmative action and even reparations, its logical implication; and selective censorship in the name of substantive equality, i.e., economic equality disingenuously reconfigured as a Fourteenth Amendment right and touted as the moral superior to formal equality, the equality of political freedom actually guaranteed by the amendment. This last is the project of a growing number of leftist legal theorists that includes Cass Sunstein and Catherine MacKinnon, the latter opining that the law of [substantive] equality and the law of freedom of expression [for all] are on a collision course in this country. Interestingly, Hayek had continued, Equality before the law and material equality are, therefore, not only different, but in conflict with each other a pronouncement that e vidently draws no dissent. Hayek emphasized another conflict between the two conceptions of justice, one we can begin examining simply by asking who the subject of liberal justice is. The answer: a person a flesh-and-blood person, who is held accountable for only those actions that constitute specifically defined crimes of violence (robbery, rape, murder) against other citizens. Conversely, who is the subject of social justice society? Indeed yes, but is society really a who? When we speak of social psychology (the standard example), no one believes that there is a social psyche whose thoughts can be analyzed. And yet the very notion of social justice presupposes a volitional Society whose actions can (and must) be held accountable. This jarring bit of Platonism traces all the way back to Marx himself, who, despite all his anti-Idealistic and anti-Hegelian rhetoric, is really an Idealist and Hegelian asserting, at root, that [Society] precedes and determines the characteristics of those who are [its] members (R.A. Childs, Jr.). Behold leftisms alternative to liberalisms atomistic individualism: reifying collectivism, what Hayek called anthropomorphism or person ification. Too obviously, it is not liberalism that atomizes an entity (a concrete), but social justice that reifies an aggregate (an abstraction). And exactly what injustice is Society responsible for? Of course: the economic inequality between Smith and Jones and Johnson and Brown and all others. But there is no personified Society who planned and perpetrated this alleged inequity, only a society of persons acting upon the many choices made by their individual minds. Eventually, though, everyone recognizes that this Ideal of Society doesnt exist in the real world leaving two options. One is to cease holding society accountable as a legal entity, a moral agent. The other is to conclude that the only practicable way to hold society accountable for its actions is to police the every action of every individual. The apologists for applied social justice have always explained away its relationship to totalitarianism as nothing more than what we may call (after Orwells Animal Farm) the Napoleon scenario: the subversion of earnest revolutions by demented individuals (e.g., Stalin, Mao to name just two among too many). What can never be admitted is that authoritarian brutality is the not-merely-possible-but-inevitable realization of the nature of social justice itself. What is social justice? The theory that implies and justifies the practice of socialism. And what is socialism? Domination by the State. What is socialized is state-controlled. So what is totalitarian socialism other than total socialism, i.e., state control of everything? And what is that but the absence of a free market in anything, be it goods or ideas? Those who contend that a socialist government need not be totalitarian, that it can allow a free market independent choice, the very source of inequality! in some things (ideas) and not in others (goods as if, say, books were one or the other), are saying only that the socialist ethic shouldnt be applied consistently. This is nothing less than a confession of moral cowardice. It is the explanation for why, from Moscow to Managua, all the rivalries within the different socialist revolutions have been won by, not the democratic or libertarian socialists, but the totalitarians, i.e., those who dont qualify their socialism with antonyms. Totalitarian socialism is not a variation but a redundancy, which is why half-capitalist hypocrites will always lose out to those who have the courage of their socialist convictions. (Likewise, someone whose idea of social justice is a moderate welfare state is someone whos willing to tolerate far more social injustice than hes willing to eliminate.) What is social justice? The abolition of privacy. Its repudiation of property rights, far from being a fundamental, is merely one derivation of this basic principle. Socialism, declared Marx, advocates the positive abolition of private property [in order to effect] the return of man himself as a social, i.e., really human, being. It is the private status of property meaning: the privacy, not the property that stands in opposition to the social (i.e., socialized, and thus really human) nature of man. Observe that the premise holds even when we substitute x for property. If private anything denies mans social nature, then so does private everything. And it is the negation of anything and everything private from work to worship to even family life that has been the social affirmation of the socialist state. What is social justice? The opposite of capitalism. And what is capitalism? It is Marxs coinage (minted by his materialist dispensation) for the Western liberalism that diminished state power from absolutism to limited government; that, from John Locke to the American Founders, held that each individual has an inviolable right to his own life, liberty, and property, which government exists solely to secure. Now what would the reverse of this be but a resurrection of Oriental despotism, the reactionary increase of state power from limited government to absolutism, i.e., totalitarianism, the absolute control of absolutely everything? And what is the opposite the violation of securing the life, liberty, and property of all men other than mass murder, mass tyranny, and mass plunder? And what is that but the point at which theory ends and history begins? And yet even before that point before the 20th century, before publication of the Manifesto itself there were those who did indeed make the connection between what Marxism inherently meant on paper and what it would inevitably mean in practice. In 1844, Arnold Ruge presented the abstract: a police and slave state. And in 1872, Michael Bakunin provided the specifics: [T]he Peoples State of Marx will not content itself with administering and governing the masses politically, as all governments do today. It will also administer the masses economically, concentrating in the hands of the State the production and division of wealth, the cultivation of land, the establishment and development of factories, the organization and direction of commerce, and finally the application of capital to production by the only banker the State. All that will demand an immense knowledge and many heads overflowing with brains in this government. It will be the reign of scientific intelligence, the most aristocratic, despotic, arrogant, and elitist of all regimes. There will be a new class, a new hierarchy of real and counterfeit scientists and scholars, and the world will be divided into a minority ruling in the name of knowledge, and an immense ignorant majority. And then, woe unto the mass of ignorant ones! It is precisely this new class that reflects the defining contradiction of modern leftist reality: The goal of complete economic equality logically enjoins the means of complete state control, yet this means has never practically achieved that end. Yes, Smith and Jones, once socialized, are equally poor and equally oppressed, but now above them looms an oligarchy of not-to-be-equalized equalizers. The inescapable rise of this new class privileged economically as well as politically, never quite ready to wither away forever destroys the possibility of a classless society. Here the lesson of socialism teaches what should have been learned from the lesson of pre-liberal despotism that state coercion is a means to no end but its own. Far from expanding equality from the political to the economic realm, the pursuit of social justice serves only to contract it within both. There will never be any kind of equality or real justice as long as a socialist elite stands behind the trigger w hile the rest of us kneel before the barrel. Further Reading The contemporary left remains possessed by the spirit of Marx, present even where hes not, and the best overview of his ideology remains Thomas SowellsMarxism: Philosophy and Economics, which is complemented perfectly by the most accessible refutation of that ideology, David Conways A Farewell to Marx. Hayeks majestic The Mirage of Social Justice is a challenging yet rewarding effort, while his The Road to Serfdom provides an unparalleled exposition of how freedom falls to tyranny. Moving from theory to practice, Communism: A History, Richard Pipes slim survey, ably says all that is needed.

Importance of Accounting Information in Business Development

Importance of Accounting Information in Business Development Describe how accounting information helps shareholders and lenders to make decisions concerning the operations and performance of the entity. Accounting information can be used by shareholders and lenders to look at an entitys financial position and whether it is viable to invest or lend to the entity. If the performance of a company has been poor and there is no indication of this improving, a potential shareholder will not invest in the company as there is nothing to gain from the investment and a lender will not loan money to the company due to the risk of not seeing that money again. If however, the company is turning a profit, indicates that it will continue to do so in the future and has a great many assets, both shareholders and lenders will consider investing in the company in line with their personal interests. List five/six stakeholders of accounting information. Describe the information requirements for each one; for example, lenders would need information regarding the businesss ability to repay debt and service a loan. Stakeholder Information Requirements Banks Whether the company in its capacity can repay a loan should it decide to take one out. Employees Whether the company can support an employees lifestyle and longevity in the company. The employee may also seek opportunities in the company such as promotion Governments The about of tax the company should be paying and whether the company will pay any more tax in the future. Community Whether the company is an asset to the community, providing jobs and resources to other organisations within the community such as sponsorship. Consumers Whether the company is providing quality products or services and not cutting corners on the quality of the products. They may also like to see whether their favourite product will continue to be available. Suppliers Whether the company can fulfil the financial obligation of purchasing products from the supplier so the supplier itself can make a profit. Darby Davis is considering purchasing a sushi bar in the inner Brisbane suburb of Paddington. Outline the importance of a business plan for Darby and the type of accounting information she will require to assist her in making the decision. Business plans are important for new businesses as they provide the background and the purpose of the forthcoming business. In reference to the textbook, All business plans, whatever their structure, should cover the key issues of marketing, operations and finance[i]. Specifically, a business plan should include strategy including a background profile, marketing strategy, timeline of business implementation, financial backing and any other issues the business may have. How can the professional accounting bodies assist in standard setting? Accounting firms can assist companies in many ways with their accounting methodology. This can include identifying technical issues, educating members, students and accountants of the company. By doing this, the accounting firms can ensure that the rules enforced by the AASB (Australian Accounting Standards Board), IFRS (International Financial Reporting Standards) and the GAAP (Generally Accepted Accounting Principles) are being met with compliance. What is meant by business sustainability? Business sustainability is the act of preserving aspects of the business for the present and future. This can include social, environmental and financial aspects of the business. Outline the benefits for organisations in considering business sustainability. By complying with business sustainability, the business is not only benefiting themselves by making plans to preserve their company but also having an impact externally. This can include within the local community, where the business is providing jobs to people. Environmentally, where the business is applying green strategy to benefit the future of the planet. And as one last example, to the shareholders who have invested in the company. By accepting sustainable practices, the business will be able to pay dividends to those shareholders and those shareholders will continue to invest in the company. What are the three pillars of sustainability? The three pillars of sustainability are: Social (People), Environmental (Planet) and Economic (Profit). Outline the possible consequences for an entity that breaches its social contract. When a business breaches its social contract, the company risks being rejected or boycotted on a social level. Society has an impact on how the business conducts itself within the public, and when a company breaches that expectation they may see negative effects from members of the wider community consequently. Identify some social performance aspects on which entities report. Businesses may report on several social performance aspects. These can include: Ethical and Integral Performance Environmental Performance Community Participation and Sponsorship Community Employment Improvement of Stakeholder relations Illustrate with an example how sole traders and partners are taxed in Australia. What are the advantages or disadvantages compared to paying company tax? Sole traders and partnerships both have their tax assessed as their personal income, this is treated as tax out of their salaries. This means that they do not have to submit to formal reporting standards about their tax, but many use MYOB or Quicken to keep track of their accounts. A disadvantage of this is that the tax rate can be higher than that of a company. Currently the tax rate of a company is 30% and the personal rate can vary on how much they make annually. [i] Birt, Jacqueline, Keryn Chalmers, Suzanne Maloney, Albie Brooks, Judy Oliver. Accounting: Business Reporting for Decision Making, 6th Edition. John Wiley Sons Australia,, 08/2016. VitalBook file.

Treatment Of Cirrhosis Of The Liver Nursing Essay

Treatment Of Cirrhosis Of The Liver Nursing Essay Jo is a 23-year-old undergraduate student. She is very sociable and admits to enjoying a drink fairly frequently. Six months ago she got involved in a scuffle while out and ended up in her local AE department. While there she had a blood test which showed abnormal liver function. Follow up tests revealed she had cirrhosis but with only a small part of the liver affected at present. Consequently, Jo has been advised to quit drinking completely and has been referred to her local community alcohol team. However, she has not attended any sessions with them. She did go to one session with the AA which she found out about on the Web but did not return as she felt the people attending were so unlike her Im not an alcoholic. Recently, Jo has been to see her GP and said that, as her condition is so mild, and is not causing her any problems at present, she doesnt see why she should totally give up drinking. She claims to have reduced her drinking slightly going out only 4 nights a week and reducing the alcohol she drinks at home, and believes that this is enough. She admits to not telling any of her family or friends about her diagnosis. Her GP has now referred her to her local psychology service to see if you can make her see sense. How might a health psychologist go about helping Jo? Issues Jo has been diagnosed with having cirrhosis of the liver and has been advised by her GP to stop drinking alcohol. During early stages of cirrhosis there can be very few symptoms (Wright, 2009), and Jo does not seem to have experienced any physical aggravation that would indicate problems with her liver function. Therefore her diagnosis initially seemed inconceivable for Jo to comprehend. After a chronic disease is diagnosed, patients can be in a state of crisis and psychological disequilibrium (Taylor, 2006). Moos and Schaefer (1984, cited in Bennet, 2000) suggested that following a diagnosis of a chronic illness an individual can feel that their future plans, social identity and support network is threatened. She has decided not to tell her friends or family, and is avoiding the implication of her health through denial (Taylor, 2006) until she is more accustomed to the diagnosis. After prolonged inflammation of the liver due to excessive alcohol abuse Jo has cirrhosis on the liver. This is when normal healthy liver cells are damaged and replaced by scar tissue, reducing the number of cells remaining to perform its many important functions (Wright, 2009). Cirrhosis is the final stage of alcoholic liver disease, which is an incurable, progressive and potentially fatal (Wright, 2009). Alcoholic cirrhosis is a multi-factorial disease and is not only a result of high dependency to alcohol (alcoholism) (Addolorato et al, 2009; Day, 2009). Research have found a low dependency of alcohol in patients with cirrhosis (Smith, 2006 cited in Addolorato et al, 2009), and it is known that gender, genetic and nutritional factors can influence the disease progression to cirrhosis (Addolorato et al, 2009). Therefore alcoholic cirrhosis could develop in susceptible individuals whose life style of heavy alcohol abuse has predisposed them to their illness. Jos dependency to alcoho l will be established and considered throughout her treatment process, as this could affect the length and stringency of the treatment approach to achieve the best response (Kadden, 1998). Due to the progressive nature of liver cirrhosis in is imperative that Jo eliminates her alcohol intake, as this would worsen her condition (Wright, 2009). The ability to maintain abstinence from alcohol requires a change in lifestyle, accepting the responsibility of ones actions and being aware of the consequences of drinking behaviour (Farid, Clark Williams, 1997). Once Jo establishes this belief and takes responsibility that her behaviour influences her health, she will hold an internal locus of control (Farid et al, 1997). However currently believing that she has reduced her alcohol consumption to an adequate level, and doesnt believe her behaviour has an influence on her health status, she currently ender an external locus of control. Without acknowledgment of this link to her health, Jo might lack the motivation to stop drinking (Farid et al,1997). To alter and educate Jos current beliefs the information and advice given will need to match the appropriateness for her needs (Br unt, 1993). After her diagnosis Jo could be feeling a great deal of anxiety, fear and uncertainty (Berry, 2003), which would make the processing of advice and treatment information difficult. There is a danger that the individual can be left uneducated, which then adversely affects her coping methods and adherence to treatment (Silverman, 2005). Careful consideration must be made to their treatment of individuals who suffer from alcohol related illness as they tend to differ in their ability to function due to depression (Bianchi et al, 2005), raised anxiety (Bolden, 2009; Kim et al, 2005) and fatigue (Blackburn et al, 2007; Sogolow et al, 2007). There are also multiple psychological factors that contribute to this difference such as elevated levels of stress, inadequate coping mechanisms and reinforcement of alcohol use from other drinkers (Bolden, 2009; Bianchi, 2005; Constant, 2005). Psychological support could help Jo overcome any avoidant coping style and associated psychological distress p reventing adverse response to illness (Taylor, 2006). As this could have a detrimental effect on the progression of liver disease (Jin-Cai Xu-Ru, 2002) and act as a predictor for depression (Bianchi, 2005). Majority of the side effects for cirrhosis are treatable with adequate medical management of the patients affected by alcoholic cirrhosis (Addolorato, 2009). Despite damage to the liver, the liver can still perform some of its functions. Jo currently only has a small part of her liver affected and complete abstinence of alcohol is the only way to prevent further damage that could lead to the gradual recovery of liver function (Addolorato, 2009). However it is likely that end-stage liver failure will result in the patient being assessed for a liver transplant (Georgiou, 2003). Therefore, it is imperative that Jo has documented evidence of the length of time she has been abstinence from alcohol, has sound psychological wellbeing and a strong support network, imperative whilst on the waiting list for a replacement liver (Georgiou, 2003; Pereia, 2000) all in which are considered to reduce the risk of relapse both before and after the liver transplantation. A health psychologist can help Jo to employ effective strategies into different aspects of her life to prevent further alcoholic liver damage. Her current psychological wellbeing will be considered as she is adapting to various lifestyle changes, and therefore psychological intervention will help avoid or reduce psychological suffering (Blackburn, 2007; Kim, 2005). A health psychologist will educate Jo to tackle her current beliefs and develop effective coping mechanisms (Taylor, 2006). Having a wider support network would greatly benefit her treatment process (Georgiou, 2003), which would require her to involve family and friends for extra social support. Together with suitable nutritional advice (Merli et al, 2009) and exercise programme (Petrides et al, 1997) could reduce the effect of liver cirrhosis and could lead to the gradual recovery of liver function. Intervention From the start of the intervention it is important that Jo feels like she is being treated like an individual and that her health psychologist understands the impact of having diagnosed with liver cirrhosis will have on her life (Kadden, 1995), and that they may feel that their identity will be defined by their disability (Charmaz, 1995). A good patient-doctor relationship is important for the adherence and success of the intervention (Kadden, 1995). To establish a good rapport Jos health psychologist must display empathy and belief with good interpersonal skills (Kadden, 1996). He or she must be familiar with the material and function as an active teacher to import the skills successfully (Kadden, 1995). To further strengthen a positive patient-doctor relationship Jo must be encouraged to be involved in the decision-making of her treatment, as this could increase the likelihood of Jo being motivated to comply (Longabaugh, 1999). Jo will complete a Patient Knowledge Questionnaire (PKQ) to assess the knowledge of her disease, and also a CAGE screening test for alcohol dependence (Kadden, 1995), which will set a guide line for the health psychologist of the problems being addressed. Her current beliefs and perceptions of how her illness will affect her life can be further be explored by using open-ended questions (Kadden, 1995). Together with constant emotional support (Kadden, 1995) would improve her psychological wellbeing. Once Jos beliefs have been established, meaningful information can be given and educational programs can be incorporated. Jo requires learning necessary skills to change her problem behaviour, for this reason the information should be given alongside cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), which views alcohol abuse as a learned behaviour which can be reversed (Lonabaugh Morgenstern, 1999). Jo will need to be aware that any negative feelings towards the diagnosis are normal and reassured that following the intervention she will learn adequate coping skills that will help her take control of her illness (Taylor, 2006). The first part will gain acceptance of the purpose, content and plan of the therapy. Information will be presented about the severity of her liver disease, and abstinence of alcohol clearly identified as the desired goal. The patient should elect a person (family member, friend) willing to act as a source of support. A motivational interviewing style should be used to throughout to promote self-efficiency and better understanding in a nonthreatening fashion (Georgiou et al, 2003). Secondly it is important to identify and develop sufficient coping skills and plan how they can occupy their time with social activities that do not involve alcohol. Potential high-risk situations for drinking will have been identified, and the third part of the therapy would req uire the individual to identify how they will avoid and cope with relapse. Jos psychologist should use the PKQ and CAGE results as a guideline to predict the length and stringency of the treatment (3-12 weeks), depending on level of alcohol dependence (Kadden, 1995), which should be constantly reviewed. Jo has shown positive response to cope with her diagnosis by looking for support on the internet. This provides support for the CBT approach as the success of this therapy will require active participation from the patient (Kadden, 1995). Jo did not enjoy the AA meeting she attended, and may have had difficulty comprehending their belief that an individual is unable to alter their drinking behaviour without the aid of religious intervention (Longabaugh Morgenstern, 1999). This would provide further support for the CBT approach having an underlying assumption that it is within the individuals power to change (Longabough Morgenstern, 1999). Attendances to alternative support group will be encouraged as researches have associated this with positive drinking o utcomes (Longabough, 1999). Jo might benefit from a group who share the underlying assumption that alcohol is learned maladaptive behaviour that they can change (SMART cited in Longabough, 1999). Total alcohol abstinence represents the most effective strategy for alcoholic patients affected by cirrhosis (Tilg Day, 2007 cited in Addolorato, 2009). Even low doses of daily alcohol intake are associated with increased risk of cirrhosis. Continuing alcohol abuse can lead to compilations such as hepatocellular carcinoma (Addolorato, 2009). Consequently, achieving total alcohol abstinence should be the main aim in the management of Jos liver cirrhosis. This could become complex if Jo is diagnosed with alcohol dependence (Sussman, 2004). Medical recommendations and/or brief interventions may not be sufficient to achieve and maintain alcohol abstinence when a diagnosis of dependence is present. There may be a need to add pharmacological approaches, like naltrexone, acamproste and bacolfen which have been shown to reduce alcohol craving and intake (Addolorato, 2009), to prevent relapse and further damaging Jos liver. Malnutrition is frequently present in cirrhotic patients, and considered to be a predictive factor for increased morbidity and mortality (Merli et al, 2009). Exercise and nutritional intervention could improve and prevent inter-related conditions such as obesity, diabetes and insulin resistance (Catalano, 2008), which may worsen her condition. Good nutrition has been shown to improve liver regeneration, recommending an intake of about 2000 calories per day to correct deficiencies and promote hepatic repair (Addolorato, 2009). It is generally assumed that patients with chronic liver disease should be encouraged to engage in exercise, as this will maintain or improve their physical well-being. This could have beneficial effects on body composition, muscle strength (Andersen et al, 1998) and glucose tolerance (Petrides, 1996) and may reduce symptoms of depression (Rot et al, 2009) and fatigue (Blackburn, 2007; Sogolow, 2008). However strenuous exercise is not recommended as this might i ncrease risk of internal bleeding (Petrides, 1996). There arent many researches available on the long-term functional outcome of nutritional and physical well being, however malnutrition (Merli, 2009), depression (Bianchi, 2005) and fatigue (Blackburn, 2007) have been shown to increases complications in liver disease. In conclusion forming a good report with the health professional throughout the sessions will promote the underlying success of the intervention. Jos determinants and high risk situations that are likely to lead to alcohol will be assessed. It is important to incorporate healthy interests to her lifestyle and involve her friends and family throughout the cognitive behavioural treatment, where Jo will learn the necessary coping-skills to unlearn old habits associated with alcohol abuse. She should receive psychological support counselling for a long as required and be encouraged to maintain nutritional and physical well-being, which will overall reduce disability and psychological distress.

Our Town Analysis :: essays research papers

Our Town Analysis   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In fact my town does not resemble the setting displayed in this play although I am sure the setting of our ancestors’ towns were much like this one. Back then everybody knew each other and they did not have to lock their doors and they had a strong fear of death and judgement which was indirectly implanted in their religion.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This play was interesting because the representation of death portrayed as being so sudden. When death hit Emily, she suddenly realized how she had wasted her life on earth because they were repeating the same actions everyday of their. She became sad and also regretful that she could not tell her husband George to get on with his life and end this incessant mourning.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The setting is very important because the play is set in a small simple town and it demonstrates the precise actions of people of that time. The setting is special because it is vague therefore it lets your mind imagine the precise details of the scene. This is interesting because you see the scene the way you want it so the author does not need to go into dull descriptions which are not too pleasing.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The atmosphere is very obvious in this play because it is one of the most prominent factors in the play itself. In the first act the dominant mood is happiness because everybody is pursuing their normal activities and gossiping and the first act is used to introduce the characters for us to know their attitudes. In the second act the action is sped up and there is a special event which is marriage involves George and Emily. Emily shows a great deal of hesitation and the attendants at the ceremony are discussing the couple and how they were when they were young. In the third act the mood is sorrow and sadness caused by the death of Emily and her reaction at the overview of her own life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The relationship between George and Emily is very evident throughout the whole play. In the first act they shared a boy/girl relationship and were good neighbors.