Habeas-Corpus Essay Free Essays

Habeas-corpus is a Latin expression which truly implies â€Å"you may have the body†. Under the law of England, because of long use, the term came to connote a privilege writ; a cure with which an individual unlawfully confined tried to be set at freedom. It is referenced as ahead of schedule as the fourteenth century in England and was formalized in the Habeas-corpus Act of 1679. We will compose a custom paper test on Habeas-Corpus Essay or on the other hand any comparative theme just for you Request Now The benefit of the utilization of this writ was viewed as an establishment of human opportunity and the British resident demanded this benefit any place he went whether for business or colonization. This is the manner by which it found a spot in the Constitution of the United States when the British provinces in America won their autonomy and set up another State under that Constitution. In India, under the Constitution, the ability to give a writ of habeas-corpus is vested distinctly in the Supreme Court and the High Courts. The writ is a heading of the Court to an individual who is confining another, directing him to get the body of the individual his authority at a predefined time to a predetermined spot for a predefined reason. A writ of habeas-corpus has just one reason: To set at freedom an individual who is kept without legitimate legitimization: to make sure about discharge from repression of an individual unlawfully confined. The writ doesn't rebuff the miscreant. On the off chance that the detainment is demonstrated unlawful, the individual who makes sure about freedom through the writ may continue against the miscreant in any fitting way. The writ is given against specialists of the State as well as to private people or associations if vital. Instructions to refer to Habeas-Corpus Essay, Essay models

E-Business and E-Commerce Free Essays

Presentation E-Business is significant in future points of view thinking about that the measure of exchange directed electronically have developed uncommonly since the spread of the Internet. E-bussiness utilizes the web and different systems just as an assortment of Internet innovations to help web based business and business forms. It incorporates web based business, which is the purchasing and selling of items or administrations over the Internet. We will compose a custom exposition test on E-Business and E-Commerce or then again any comparative subject just for you Request Now The Internet and related advances have changed the manner in which organizations are worked and individuals work. I. E-BUSINESS A. What is it Many organizations today are utilizing Internet innovations to lead business forms over the Internet. E-business can be characterized as the utilization of the Internet and different systems, just as Internet advances to work and encourage business forms, electronic trade and endeavor joint effort inside an organization and with its clients, providers and colleagues. For the most part, any online trade of data, cash, assets and administrations is a piece of e-business. B. E-business foundation E-business foundation comprised of an assortment of segments. It incorporates equipment, virtual products, bolster administrations, human capital and media transmission systems. Instances of equipment are PCs, servers and switches. Human capital, for example, data framework pros and developers, is critical to work e-business forms. Likewise, numerous organizations use systems, for example, intranet that is a private system inside an organization for directors and representatives, and extranet, which connects an organization with its clients, providers and colleagues outside the organization. Different organizations utilize a virtual private system (VPN) which gives a private line through the web. It utilizes the open Internet spine as a channel for private information correspondence (3:20). In this way, a VPN permits remote workplaces, colleagues and clients to utilize the Internet, instead of costly private lines, to arrive at organization arranges by utilizing burrowing programming. This product encodes information and afterward sends the information to their goal. II. Web based business A. What is it Online business is the purchasing, selling, showcasing and overhauling of items, administrations and data over the Internet and different systems. Numerous organizations utilize the Internet, intranet and extranet to help the business forms including promoting, deals, client service and Internet security. Most promotions on the Web are through sending messages and flag advertisements, which is fit as a fiddle of a long even square shape on the highest point of the Web page (3:10). These ads could draw in countless guests to the publicized Web webpage. Web based business site must assistance clients to welcome and serve them actually and effectively so as to expand client devotion. B. Internet business favorable circumstances and weaknesses E trade has a few focal points. For venders, internet business is a compelling method to diminish costs and amplify their business sectors. They cut extra work cost and they don't have to print and disperse mail request indexes. What's more, e - business permits clients to think about costs at various sites. At that point, they make buys at their homes whenever. Online business sites offer assortment of items for instance electronic books, music documents and programs. In any case, internet business has a few inconveniences. Purchasers are not ready to get a few items over the Internet in view of security and quality concerns. Online furniture organizations, for instance, have fizzled on the grounds that clients need to test the solace of a costly thing, for example, couch before they buy it (1:1). The most effective method to refer to E-Business and E-Commerce, Essay models

Chapter 5: Why the Fries Taste Good Essay -- Food

â€Å"Out of each $1.50 spent on a huge request of fries at drive-through eatery, maybe 2 pennies goes to the rancher that became the potatoes,† (Schlosser 117). Analytical writer Eric Schlosser uncovers these real factors in his top rated book, Fast Food Nation: The Dark Side of the All-American Meal. Schlosser, a Princeton and Oxford graduate, is known for his inspective pieces for Atlantic Monthly. While taking a shot at article, for Rolling Stone Magazine, about foreigner laborers in a strawberry field he procured his motivation for the previously mentioned book, Fast Food Nation: The Dark Side of the All-American Meal, a work inspecting the country’s cheap food industry (Gale). Schlosser sets off section 5: â€Å"Why the Fries Taste Good,† in Aberdeen, Idaho at the J. R. Simplot Plant where he presents John Richard Simplot, â€Å"America’s incredible potato baron,† (Schlosser 111). Simplot dropped out of school at 15, ventured out from home, and looked for some kind of employment on a potato ranch in Declo, Idaho making 30 pennies 60 minutes. Simplot purchased and turned benefit on some enthusiasm bearing scrip from some teachers and utilized the cash to at 600 pigs at $1 a head. He feed the swines horse meat from wild ponies he shot himself, later selling them for $12.50 a head. At age 16 Simplot rented 160 sections of land to start developing Russet Burbank Potatoes. During the 1920s the potato business was simply getting as Idaho was found to have the perfect soil and conditions for effectively developing potatoes (Schlosser 112). Before long Simplot was the â€Å"largest shipper of potatoes in the West, working 33 stockrooms in Ore gon and Idaho,† (Schlosser 113). During World War II Simplot offered got dried out potatoes and onions to the U.S. Armed force. When he was 36 he â€Å"was developing his own potatoes, fe... ...ted, â€Å"the french fries were scrumptious fresh and brilliant earthy colored, produced using potatoes that had been in the ground that morning. Eric Schlosser completed them and requested more,† (Schlossr131). All through this part Schlosser takes his peruser through the excursion of the french fry from spud to stomach. Schlosser utilizes his gifts to teach the world about the intricate details of the handled food and flavor industry, educating the cheap food country, â€Å"Why the fries Taste Good.† Works Cited Eric Schlosser. Authors and Artists for Young Adults. Vol. 60. Thomson Gale, 2005. Duplicated in Biography Resource Center. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Thomson Gale. 2006. http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/BioRC Schlosser, Eric. Section 5: Why the Fries Taste Good. Fast Food Nation: The Dark Side of the All-American Meal. New York, NY: Harper Perennial, 2005. Print.

Anne Tylers classic novel, Dinner at the Homesick Restaurant Essay

Anne Tyler's exemplary novel, Dinner at the Homesick Restaurant In Anne Tyler's exemplary novel, Dinner at the Homesick Restaurant, the peruser encounters an assortment of contentions among parent and youngster, one of the most clear being that between Pearl Tull and her oldest child, Cody. These two characters never appear to agree, as Pearl likes to see just the negative parts of her kids. Cody never really identifies with Pearl and her hyper ways. As the contention unfurls among Pearl and Cody, the more profound importance of the story is uncovered; there will never be an ideal family, however in any case, theirs is a family. As the principal youngster, Cody is relied upon to exceed expectations and be the perfect child. He sets up a defiant character once his more youthful sibling Ezra is conceived. On account of this kindly rivalry, he and Pearl never truly get along. Regardless of whether they even really adored each other is a thought to be addressed. Pearl doesn't care for the possibility that Cody may, for once in his life, be superior to Ezra. The peruser sees this in part 2, when Pearl demands that Ezra attempt to shoot ... Anne Tyler's exemplary novel, Dinner at the Homesick Restaurant Essay Anne Tyler's exemplary novel, Dinner at the Homesick Restaurant In Anne Tyler's exemplary novel, Dinner at the Homesick Restaurant, the peruser encounters an assortment of contentions among parent and kid, one of the most evident being that between Pearl Tull and her oldest child, Cody. These two characters never appear to agree, as Pearl likes to see just the negative parts of her kids. Cody never really identifies with Pearl and her hyper ways. As the contention unfurls among Pearl and Cody, the more profound importance of the story is uncovered; there will never be an ideal family, yet regardless, theirs is a family. As the main youngster, Cody is relied upon to exceed expectations and be the perfect child. He sets up a defiant character once his more youthful sibling Ezra is conceived. On account of this kindly rivalry, he and Pearl never truly get along. Regardless of whether they even genuinely cherished each other is a thought to be addressed. Pearl doesn't care for the possibility that Cody may, for once in his life, be superior to Ezra. The peruser sees this in part 2, when Pearl demands that Ezra attempt to shoot ...

Essay Writing Software - How to Use It to Prepare For the College Entrance Exams

Essay Writing Software - How to Use It to Prepare For the College Entrance ExamsDivergent essay topics can really help you prepare for the entrance exams for your university. The level of interest in learning about different subjects really matters when trying to prepare for a university. It is important to be well prepared for your entrance exams and you can do this by researching the subjects that you are interested in or perhaps what you think is a better subject to study. The process of researching these subjects is easier if you use an essay writing software that can provide you with good writing tips and ideas.One of the best things about using an essay writing software to research a divergent topic is that you will always have something to write about even if you are taking an examination that requires you to put your thoughts down on paper. You can always find something new to write about after you complete your research. You will not have to worry about studying the topics y ou just researched for the entrance exams.One of the most popular essay writing software is the Klinefelter algorithm that is used to check for standard deviations of the data. The students who have recently used the Klinefelter algorithm had never expected to get the results they did after their exams. It really made them happy because it helped them to write the best possible essay for their entrance exams. However, this is not the only software out there that is popular and can help you write the best possible essay.One of the great things about choosing one of these programs to help you with your essay topics is that it has excellent results. It will even help you write essay topics that have only three research questions so that you will not have to worry about spending too much time or money on the subjects you are researching. Using this software is really easy and you can easily go through the process of researching the topics that you want to write about.The first thing tha t you have to do when choosing an essay topic is to choose the type of topic that interests you. You can try and research topics that you like because this will help you write the best possible essay. However, if you do not have any idea which topic you would like to write about, you should have a look at a few different essay writing software. This will give you a better idea of what type of topic you are best suited for.After you have chosen the types of topics that you would like to write about, you should spend some time researching the topics that you choose to write about. You should do some research on the topics that you chose to write about so that you can understand them better. Doing some research on the topic that you chose to write about will help you come up with a better essay.After you have done your research on the topic that you want to write about, you should choose the topic that you are most familiar with because this will help you write a good essay. If you hav e no idea about the topic, you should not worry because the software will help you write it. You should be able to write about any topic with the use of an essay writing software.The use of the Klinefelter algorithm is a great thing that will help you write essay topics that you are interested in. However, there are many other essay writing software out there that can help you do the same. By using one of these software, you will be able to write the best possible essay for your entrance exams.

I submitted my college apps, now what

Submitting college applications can be a weight lifted off your shoulders. All seniors applying to college know how tedious and stressful they can be and once they are submitted, it is like a breathe of fresh air. Now that your college apps are in, what do you do? What goals are there to strive for? Think about it, you spent your whole high school career in preparation for this moment. You have studied and worked tirelessly in order to get into the school of your dreams, but now that you’ve applied, what is left to do? 1. Keep up with you extracurriculars Hopefully, you love participating in your extracurriculars, so staying committed to them shouldn’t be a problem. If it is a problem, make sure you find the motivation to stay committed because colleges may check up on you later in the year to make sure you have been truthful in your applications. UC schools have been known to audit students, so make sure you are present to your extracurriculars! ] 2. Relax Now that you’re done with SAT/ACT and your college apps are in, relax! Go out with your friends instead of staying up late studying! Enjoy your senior year and cherish the last moments of high school alongside those who have gone through this journey with you. Senior year can be the most fun year of school; it is what you make of it. 3. Stay on task While youre having fun, make sure you are maintaining your grades. It is easy to let your grades slip after college applications are in, but your acceptance can be retracted if you earn below a C in any of your classes during your senior year. All your hard work will be for nothing if you let an opportunity go due to one failed class! School is still important!

The Impacts of Marriages in Virgil’s The Aeneid - 849 Words

The Aeneid was written during the time of Augustus (27 BC), the first Emperor of Rome. After Caesar’s death in 44BC, Augustus had the immense task of bringing Rome back to her original stability and unity that had been shattered during the Civil Wars and decline of her Republic. In the establishment of this empire Augustus had legislation encouraging marriage and the birth of children. Thus it makes sense that Virgil’s The Aeneid promoted the theme of marriage in a beneficial light. In Book 12 Aeneas was fated to marry Lavinia, daughter of King Latinus of Latium. By marrying Lavinia Aeneas would be in alliance with Latinus, conquering Latium to further the founding of Rome. Aeneas explains this alliance with the following: â€Å"May both nations, undefeated, under equal laws, / march together toward an eternal pact of peace. / I shall bestow the gods and their sacred rites. / My father-in-law Latinus will retain his armies, / my father-in-law, his power, his rightful rule. / The men of Troy will erect a city for me— / Lavinia will give its walls her name.† This shows that through the alliance, not only would Aeneas rise in power and land, but it also describes the unity and peacefulness that would result from the alliance. Therefore, The Aeneid promoted political marriages due to the benefits and success that resulted from those marital alliances. The purpose of Aeneas’ marriage to Lavinia was not based on lust; much like many Roman marriages, this marriage was politicallyShow MoreRelatedEssay about The Women of the Aeneid1745 Words   |  7 PagesThe Roman epic of Virgils Aeneid describes the hardship and misadventures of Aeneas and the Trojans quest from Troy to Italy. Like Homer’s famous epics, the Iliad and Odyssey, Virgil’s narrative style and structure portrays similar attributes in the finding of Rome. Aeneas encounters several women on his journey who play a significant role throughout this epic in assisting or destroying his journey to Rome. His representation of female characters provides the readers with a better understandingRead MoreComparing Virgil s Aeneid And Homer s Odyssey2766 Words   |  12 Pagescannot be altered once set into motion, unless an equal force intervences.†1 In both Virgil’s Aeneid and Homer’s Odyssey the main characters whether they are aware or not fight great odds to survive their journey’s to find home and fulfil their own personal destiny. While the fates of both Odysseus and Aeneas ultimately differ in course and action both are seeking one commonality, home. Homer was a Greek poet whose impact on western culture is still evident today. Homer was born sometime in the 12th andRead MoreVirgil Portrays The Main Female Characters Of The Aeneid1546 Words   |  7 PagesVirgil portrays the main female characters of the Aeneid as stubborn, selfish individuals who manipulate those around them to accomplish their goals. As seen throughout the first six books of the poem, Juno acts against Aeneas because he is destined to found Rome and destroy Carthage— a city dear to her heart. Juno also disrupts the order in the mortal world because she is still hurt about the time when Paris, a Trojan male, does not recognize her as the most gorgeous woman on earth. Virgil alsoRead MoreEssay Shield of Achilles and the Shield of Aeneas3655 Words   |  15 Pagesof the Shield of Achilles and the Shield of Aeneas In Homer’s great work, the Iliad, Achilles is given a set of armor, including a glorious shield which allows him to return to battle and carry out his revenge against Hector. Likewise, in Virgil’s Aeneid, Aeneas is sent a shield for the purpose of aiding him in defending Rome from invasion. However, these shields are made special not by their military value, but by the engravings that decorate their surfaces. Achilles’ shield holds engravingsRead MoreAnalysis Of The Oresteia1749 Words   |  7 Pagesnow make impartial decisions. In the New Testament, the same conclusion is drawn, but by using marriage as the main lens. Paul wrote, â€Å"The unmarried man is anxious about the affairs of the Lord; but the married is anxious about the affairs of the world, how to please his wife,† (Corinthians 7:32-4). This passage means that if a person focuses on worldly problems, in particular those that come from marriages, they deprive the Lord from prayers they are supposed to give Him. The reason the letter wasRead MoreThe Roman And Roman History1542 Words   |  7 PagesEmperor Augustus ruled over a period that is known as the Roman Peace (Pax Romana), from his reign in 27 B.C to his death in 14 A.D. In Virgil’s character Anchises (As seen above), Augustus is portrayed to have brought to fruition a golden age in Roman history. His ability to turn Rome from the ravages of civil war into a prosperous empire was accomplished through the harnessing of his exceptional administrative powers. Emphasis placed on religious reinvigoration and social reform helped forge aRead More Myth and Violence in The Waste Land Essay2655 Words   |  11 Pagesrebuild itself- to purge, purify, and be reborn- according to the means supplied by history and tradition.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     In Eliots notes to The Waste Land, he alludes to several significant catalogues of myth: the Bible, Dantes Inferno, Virgils Aeneid, Ovids Metamorphoses, and Miltons Paradise Lost. However, he primarily points his readers to Weston and Frazer:      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Not only the title, but the plan and a good deal of the incidental symbolism of the poem were suggested by MissRead MoreCorporate identity16799 Words   |  68 Pagesand of graphic design in what is starting to be à  known as the corporate identity mix/business identity mix. What is not refuted by the author is that visual identification does, unquestionably, have power. Van Riel (1995) pointed out the wide impact of visual communication when he wrote that the average lorry is capable of delivering 7-9 million visual impressions per year or about 60 per kilometre. Empirical work undertaken by Melewar and Saunders (1998) revealed the benefit of standardised

How the Channel Tunnel Was Built and Designed

The Channel Tunnel, which is often called the Chunnel or the Euro Tunnel, is a railway tunnel that lies underneath the water of the English Channel and connects the island of Great Britain with mainland France. The Channel Tunnel, completed in 1994 and officially opened on May 6 of that year, is considered one of the most amazing engineering feats of the 20th century. Overview of the Channel Tunnel For centuries, crossing the English Channel via boat or ferry had been considered a miserable task. The often inclement weather and choppy water could make even the most seasoned traveler seasick. It is perhaps not surprising then that as early as 1802 plans were being made for an alternate route across the English Channel. Early Plans This first plan, made by French engineer Albert Mathieu Favier, called for a tunnel to be dug under the water of the English Channel. This tunnel was to be large enough for horse-drawn carriages to travel through. Although Favier was able to get the backing of French leader Napoleon Bonaparte, the British rejected Faviers plan. (The British feared, perhaps correctly, that Napoleon wanted to build the tunnel in order to invade England.) Over the next two centuries, others created plans to connect Great Britain with France. Despite progress made on a number of these plans, including actual drilling, they all eventually fell through. Sometimes the reason was political discord, other times was financial problems. Still other times it was Britains fear of invasion. All of these factors had to be solved before the Channel Tunnel could be built. A Contest In 1984, French President Francois Mitterrand and British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher jointly agreed that a link across the English Channel would be mutually beneficial. However, both governments realized that although the project would create much-needed jobs, neither countrys government could fund such a massive project. Thus, they decided to hold a contest. This contest invited companies to submit their plans to create a link across the English Channel. As part of the contests requirements, the submitting company was to provide a plan to raise the needed funds to build the project, have the ability to operate the proposed Channel link once the project was completed, and the proposed link must be able to endure for at least 120 years. Ten proposals were submitted, including various tunnels and bridges. Some of the proposals were so outlandish in design that they were easily dismissed; others would be so expensive that they were unlikely to ever be completed. The proposal that was accepted was the plan for the Channel Tunnel, submitted by the Balfour Beatty Construction Company (this later became Transmanche Link). The Design for the Channel Tunnels The Channel Tunnel was to be made up of two parallel railway tunnels that would be dug under the English Channel. Between these two railway tunnels would run a third, smaller tunnel that would be used for maintenance, as well as providing a space for drainage pipes, etc. Each of the trains that would run through the Chunnel would be able to hold cars and trucks. This would enable personal vehicles to go through the Channel Tunnel without having individual drivers face such a long, underground drive. The plan was expected to cost $3.6 billion. Getting Started Just getting started on the Channel Tunnel was a monumental task. Funds had to be raised (over 50 large banks gave loans), experienced engineers had to be found, 13,000 skilled and unskilled workers had to be hired and housed, and special tunnel boring machines had to be designed and built. As these things were getting done, the designers had to determine exactly where the tunnel was to be dug. Specifically, the geology of the bottom of the English Channel had to be carefully examined. It was determined that although the bottom was made of a thick layer of chalk, the Lower Chalk layer, made up of chalk marl, would be the easiest to bore through. Building the Channel Tunnel Evening Standard/Getty Images The digging of the Channel Tunnel began simultaneously from the British and the French coasts, with the finished tunnel meeting in the middle. On the British side, the digging began near Shakespeare Cliff outside of Dover; the French side began near the village of Sangatte. The digging was done by huge tunnel boring machines, known as TBMs, which cut through the chalk, collected the debris, and transported the debris behind it using conveyor belts. Then this debris, known as spoil, would be hauled up to the surface via railroad wagons (British side) or mixed with water and pumped out through a pipeline (French side). As the TBMs bore through the chalk, the sides of the newly dug tunnel had to be lined with concrete. This concrete lining was to help the tunnel withstand the intense pressure from above as well as to help waterproof the tunnel. Connecting the Tunnels One of the most difficult tasks on the Channel Tunnel project was making sure that both the British side of the tunnel and the French side actually met up in the middle. Special lasers and surveying equipment was used; however, with such a large project, no one was sure it would actually work. Since the service tunnel was the first to be dug, it was the joining of the two sides of this tunnel that caused the most fanfare. On December 1, 1990, the meeting of the two sides was officially celebrated. Two workers, one British (Graham Fagg) and one French (Philippe Cozette), were chosen by lottery to be the first to shake hands through the opening. After them, hundreds of workers crossed to the other side in celebration of this amazing achievement. For the first time in history, Great Britain and France were connected. Finishing the Channel Tunnel Although the meeting of the two sides of the service tunnel was a cause of great celebration, it certainly wasnt the end of the Channel Tunnel building project. Both the British and the French kept digging. The two sides met in the northern running tunnel on May 22, 1991, and then, only a month later, the two sides met in the middle of the southern running tunnel on June 28, 1991. That too wasnt the end of the Chunnel construction. Crossover tunnels, land tunnels from the coast to the terminals, piston relief ducts, electrical systems, fireproof doors, the ventilation system, and train tracks all had to be added. Also, large train terminals had to be built at Folkestone in Great Britain and Coquelles in France. The Channel Tunnel Opens On December 10, 1993, the first test run was completed through the entire Channel Tunnel. After additional fine-tuning, the Channel Tunnel officially opened on May 6, 1994. After six years of construction and $15 billion spent (some sources say upwards of $21 billion), the Channel Tunnel was finally complete.

Phaedo by Plato Essay examples - 2494 Words

Phaedo by Plato The opening of Platos Phaedo finds Socrates constructing a defense of the philosophical life. When consideration is given to the status of philosophy in Greece at the end of the fifth century BCE, such a defense seems unnecessary and, at the same time, difficult. This is because ancient Greece provides us with the origins of philosophy, and yet this particular period in history serves as a good demonstration of the publics general distaste for and persecution of it. Several philosophers, including Pythagoras, Anaxagoras, and Protagoras, were ridiculed and attacked for their beliefs. In spite of these social deterrents, Socrates remained faithful to his life long pursuit, even though it led to his demise.†¦show more content†¦Socrates believes that the entire philosophical endeavor is a preparation for death and that the true philosopher looks forward to dying. His students, however, cannot understand why the philosopher should want to die, and Socrates hopes to dispel their fears of death while bringing them to an awareness of a figurative death where desires cease to control the soul . In addition to noticing the figurative nature of death, he also wants them to give further consideration to the literal death as well. The distinction between these two types of death, figurative and literal, creates two possible avenues for the philosophical life. Socrates defines death as the release of the soul from the body . This definition implies both a view of death as placing distance between the soul and the body during this life and a complete separation at the moment of death. The responsibility of the philosopher is to seek liberation here in this life and, in so doing, to prepare for the afterlife, as preparation for both the literal and figurative deaths coalesce into a single activity. Liberation here in the visible realm comes from recognizing the hindering function of the body in the souls search for knowledge. Socrates comments that a soul associated too closely with the body will beShow MoreRelatedPhaedo by Plato1189 Words   |  5 Pagessee the importance of sensory experiences in order to provide answers about the natural world. Each view has their benefits and drawbacks but each play a vital role in the discussion about knowledge. The philosopher Plato is considered to be a rationalist thinker. In Plato’s Phaedo, he shows the reader that the five senses are not what one should rely on. The senses do not provide us with truth. One’s surroundings are constantly changing thus, their senses must change with them. For example, inRead MoreThe Apology And Phaedo By Plato Essay1682 Words   |  7 PagesThe Apology and Phaedo by Plato are two different books describing what is like to be a philosopher per Socrates believes. These two books take place in two different scenarios in Socrates’ life, The Apology takes place in a court room where Socrates is to defend himself from false charges brought to him by Meletus who is acting as the prosecutor. Phaedo, on the other hand, takes place in a prison cell post judgment on the day of Socrates execution. Hence, The Apology and Phaedo appeared to displayRead MoreEssay about Phaedo by Plato942 Words   |  4 Pages Phaedo is an account written by Pla to of the last conversation of Socrates’ before he will be put to death by the state of Athens by drinking hemlock. The dialog itself seems to recount Plato’s psychological, Metaphysical, and epistemological beliefs rather than an accurate portrayal of Socrates’ last conversation . The dialog addresses three main arguments for recollection including the argument of opposites, the argument of recollection, and the argument of affinity. Plato’s arguments in theRead MoreHarmony Theory In Phaedo By Plato1498 Words   |  6 PagesIn Phaedo, by Plato, Phaedo recounts an incident with Socrates. The story starts with Socrates opening up saying that Philosophers should not only accept death, but welcome it. After all, although the body will pass, the soul is able to live on because it is immortal. He uses a lot of his intuition to back up his claim, but the main rationale is the Argument of Affinity. He claims that the world is very binary. Things are either inc orporeal and invisible, or not. The body is physical, visible andRead MoreThe Flaws of Plato ´s Phaedo Essay1306 Words   |  6 PagesPlatos final argument in Phaedo for the immortality of the soul is one of the most interesting topics of all time. It goes hand to hand with the application of the theory of forms to the question of the souls immortality, as Plato constantly reminds us, the theory of forms is the most certain of all his theories. The Phaedo is Plato’s attempt to convince us of the immortality of the soul by using several main arguments. These include the argument of forms and the law of opposites. In the finalRead MorePlato s Phaedo For The Immortality Of The Soul1701 Words   |  7 PagesPlato s final argument in Phaedo for the immortality of the soul is one of the most interesting topics of all time. The argument of whether the soul exists has been debated for years and even today. It goes hand to hand with the application of the theory of forms to the q uestion of the soul s immortality, as Plato constantly reminds us, the theory of forms is the most certain of all his theories. The Phaedo is Plato’s attempt to convince us of the immortality of the soul by using several main argumentsRead MorePlato s Phaedo : The Soul And The Body1409 Words   |  6 PagesSaila Sanders PHIL 011 Altshuler 25 September 2014 Plato’s Phaedo: The Soul and the Body In the Phaedo, Socrates proposes that the soul is immortal. Despite being a seemingly counterintuitive understanding, Socrates offers arguments for the soul’s immortality and expresses his view between the soul, or mind, and the body. Socrates practices reasoning to establish his philosophy on the concept of the soul and all that it necessitates. He rationalizes four theories of the immortality of the soulRead MoreComparing Plato Five Dialogues Euthyphro, Apology, Crito, Meno, Phaedo By John M. Cooper1009 Words   |  5 Pagesin the world. While this exist in the world some of the things that bring people the most happiness in life is achieving a good education, treating others equally, and loving those around them. An example of this within Plato Five Dialogues Euthyphro, Apology, Crito, Meno, Phaedo by John M. Cooper is the following. â€Å"Men of Athens, I am grateful and I am your friend, but I will obey the god rather than you, and as long as I draw breath and am able , I shall not cease to practice philosophy, to exhortRead MoreWhy Does Plato Think That the Soul Is Immortal? Is He Right? Discuss with Close Reference to Phaedo 102a-107b.1609 Words   |  7 PagesWhy does Plato think that the soul is immortal? Is he right? Discuss with close reference to Phaedo 102a-107b. The Phaedo is Plato’s attempt to convince the reader of the immortality of the soul using four main arguments. These include the argument of affinity, recollection, Forms and the law of opposites. In the final passage of the Phaedo, (Grube, 2002:102a-107b), Plato provides his ‘Final Proof’, despite seeming like the most conclusive argument it is not necessarily the most convincing. PlatoRead MorePlato s Apology And The Apology1591 Words   |  7 PagesIn this paper I will discuss how Plato s Apology and Phaedo have difference ideas of what it means to be a philosopher. I will explain how in the Apology, the philosopher is wise in how he/she understand that they are wise because they know that they don t know, and in Phadeo the philosopher knowledgable and are concern in gaining more knowledge. In Plato s Apology we learn about Socrates life and who he really is. In platos Apology a philosopher is a wise person because he understands that

The Legacy Of The American Health Care System - 1785 Words

Barrack Hussein Obama was elected President of the United States on November 4, 2008 and was sworn in the Presidency on January 20, 2009. During his campaign leading up to the election, Obama promised to bring affordable healthcare to all Americans. Obama was widely known as â€Å"stating that the cost of health care was a threat to our economy and that health care should be a right for every American (ProCon.org, 2011). While his quotes resonate with many Americans, there are also Americans who do not agree with socialized medicine or sometimes known as â€Å"Obamacare†. Keep in mind that just because Obama is a democrat and has the backing of the majority of democrats and the majority of republicans disagree with socialized medicine there is much more history than that. The history of Obamacare is a lengthy one. As previously mentioned Obama pledged to overall the American health care system when he was campaigning for the presidency during 2008. He made good on that promise once elected and signed Obamacare care into office. It is important to note that the official name for Obamacare is the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA), or Affordable Care Act (ACA). Obama signed the PPACA into law on March 23, 2010. Before that though, the health care system has been a topic of debate for many years. Prior to the PPACA being signed into law the previous major advancement in the health care system was the introduction of Medicare and Medicaid in 1965. With theShow MoreRelatedThe Tuskegee Study Of Untreated Syphilis1285 Words   |  6 PagesIn 1932, the U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS) initiated a study entitled the â€Å"Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male† in Macon County, Alabama to record the natural course of l atent, untreated syphilis in Black males and explore treatment possibilities (Center for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2017). Macon County, Alabama, in which the town of Tuskegee is located, was selected as the location of this study because earlier studies conducted in the rural South by the USPHSRead MoreBarack Obama s Accomplishments And Challenges Essay1718 Words   |  7 PagesPresident Barack Obama is seen as one of the most controversial presidents in the recent U.S. history. This paper will examine Obama s legacy by introducing his background prior to the white House; analyze Obama’s major accomplishments and challenges in the past 8 years. As well as examines the internal opposition force from the other branches of the government Obama faced when conducting domestic policy. Obama was born on August 4, 1961, in Honolulu, Hawaii, to a white mother from Kansas, StanleyRead MoreBarack Obama s Influence On America1319 Words   |  6 Pagespresident. The assignment was called, What do you want to be when you grow up? Since his election as the United States’ 44th President, Obama has elicited a number of public perceptions regarding his personality and background. As the first African American President of the US, his race and culture have played a prominent role in this, positively as well as negatively. His relative youth (47 when elected) has alternately resulted in his being praised for his freshness and criticized for his inexperienceRead MoreHas the U.S. Lived up to its Founding Principles?1287 Words   |  6 Pagesnot living up to its founding principles. A constitution is the system of fundamental principles according to which a nation is governed. Our founding fathers created the US Constitution to set specific standards for our country. We must ask ourselves why our founding fathers created the Constitution in the first place. America revolted against the British due to their monarchy form of government. After the American Revolution, each of the original 13 colonies operated under its own rulesRead MoreHealth Care Spending Paper Hcs/4401312 Words   |  6 PagesHealth Care Spending Paper Shunna Billops HCS/440 Professor Susan McCourt August 22, 2011 This paper will include: the current health care expenditures whether spending is too much or not enough, where the nation should add or cut, how the public’s health care needs are paid and provide a forecast for: the future economic needs, why these needs must be addressed, how I envision these needs will be financed and conclusionRead MoreThe Ryan White Care Act : Hiv / Aids Policy909 Words   |  4 PagesThe Ryan White Care Act: HIV/AIDS Policy When HIV/AIDS was first known in the United States, people who were affected were dying at a rapid rate as the disease was new to the medical community. There was no treatment and because of that the disease became highly publicized. At the time there were hatred for those who were considered gay. Those who came out and spoke openly about their HIV and AIDS were often being victimized. With the fear and homophobia from society, gay men and women took to theRead MoreHealth Care1474 Words   |  6 PagesHealth Care Reform Pros and Cons Halcyone Russell Strayer University Professor Beth Cox Politics, Policy And Ethics in Public Sector- PAD 510 December 2, 2011 Scientific evidence can be used in showing the positives of the Health Care Reform. If you lost your job next week your insurance would likely go with it.   Excluding temporary programs like COBRA, losing your job basically means losing your health insurance too.   Sure you can buy your own, but that can get expensive and there are oftenRead MoreThe 10 Essential Public Health Services908 Words   |  4 Pages The 10 essential public health services are distributed under the three core functions of assurance, assessment, and policy development. Every community and public health organization should undertake activities that represent the 10 essential public health services. The American Heart Association is a nonprofit agency that embodies some of the essential public health services. Headquartered in Dallas, Texas, the AHA has many local offices that serve various communities across the country. It isRead MorePolicy Making and the Federal System Essay841 Words   |  4 PagesPo licy-Making in the Federal System Obama’s Care â€Å"Medicaid – not Medicare Frances Johnson POL: 201 American National Government Instructor, Carol Parker July 12th, 2012 During the 2008 federal campaign, Democratic presidential candidate Barack Obama placed comprehensive health care reform at the centre of his platform. In the light of the growing problems facing the US health care system, the time seemed ripe for another attempt to control health costs while expandingRead MoreThe Black And White Infant Mortality Gap Essay1577 Words   |  7 Pagesassociations in a pathway model connecting race-based discrimination, stress, and negative preterm birth outcomes in African American women. After a great deal of research and strong evidence to support such claims, I have come to the conclusion that the cause of the black and white infant mortality gap can be attributed to the near two-fold increased rates of low birth weight and preterm births, and the near three-fold increased rates of very low birth weight and very preterm births among black

Link Cause Effect And Prevention Of Pressure Ulcers

A pressure ulcer is an area of skin with unrelieved pressure resulting in ischemia, cell death, and necrotic tissue. The constant external pressure or rubbing that exceeds the arterial capillary pressure (32 mm Hg) and impairs local normal blood flow to tissue for an extended period, results in pressure ulcer (Brunner and Smeltzer, 2013). According to National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel, 2014, pressure ulcers are a major burden to the society, as it approaches $11 billion annually, with a cost range from $500 to $70,000 per person pressure ulcer. It is a significant healthcare problem despite much investment in education, training, and prevention equipment. This paper includes two different studies to link cause-effect and prevention of pressure ulcers. Although it makes sense that repositioning will make a difference to the pressure ulcer incidence, but the challenge lies in determining how and how often the patient should be repositioned. According to the first article, â€Å"A randomized controlled clinical trial of repositioning, using the 30o tilt, for the prevention of pressure ulcers,† adopting the 30o tilt and three-hourly repositioning reduces pressure ulcers as compared to 90o tilt and six-hourly reposing at night, along with the usual care. Second study reaffirms the problem of pressure ulcers and finds that Registered Nurses underestimate the value of pressure ulcer prevention techniques and delegate such duties to their assistants, because they do not have timeShow MoreRelatedThe Clinical Setting That Nurses Have Be Aware Of And Be Educated On Preventing And Treating Essay1224 Words   |  5 Pagestreating. One of those issues that have to be addressed is pressure ulcers. Pressure ulcers can occur over the bo ny prominences where the body’s tissue has been pressed against for extended periods of time. There are certain factors that put a patient at risk for the development of these pressure ulcers and it’s the nurse’s responsibility to be aware of these risk factors. The most common places that a patient can develop these ulcers are ankles, sacrum and hips. Patients who have impaired mobilityRead MoreNr451 Sacrum Pressure Ulcer Capstone1415 Words   |  6 PagesRunning head: SACRUM PRESSURE ULCER REDUCE WITH FOAM DRESSING Sacrum Pressure Ulcer Reduce With Strict Use of Foam Dressing Chamberlain School of Nursing Penni-Lynn Rolen NR 451 Capstone Course Sacrum Pressure Ulcer Reduce With Strict Use of Foam Dressing Despite advancement of technology, pressure ulcer continues to be a primordial in the health care system. Prevention of pressure ulcer remains an important issue in the health care facility. The critically ill ICU patient is the main targetRead MorePrevention Measures and Treatment Options of a Pressure Ulcer 2397 Words   |  10 Pagesas tissue that is usually over the skeletal protuberance caused by some sort of pressure, we call it a pressure ulcer. This may be caused by some sort of pressurized rubbing or cut. This type of ulcer is a chronic type that inherently carries impaired healing at physiological level. In this paper I am going to discuss the prevention measures of this ulcer and treatment options. Williams, 1992 states that pressure ulcer occurs where there is poor level of nursing care for a long term basis but it isRead MoreEssay on Chronic Pressure Ulcers2414 Words   |  10 PagesPressure Ulcers When we find an enclosed damage to our skin as well as tissue that is usually over the skeletal protuberance caused by some sort of pressure, we call it a pressure ulcer. This may be caused by some sort of pressurized rubbing or cut. This type of ulcer is of chronic type that inherently carries impaired healing at physiological level. In this paper I am going to discuss the prevention measures of this ulcer and treatment options. Williams, 1992 states that pressure ulcer occurs whereRead MoreEssay on Pressure Ulcers4251 Words   |  18 Pagesimprove the prevention of pressure ulcers Judy Elliott describes a project that sought to improve tissue viability during the patient journey from admission to discharge Summary This article outlines the actions taken by one acute trust to implement evidence-based, best practice recommendations for pressure ulcer prevention. Initially, an exploratory study identified specific areas for practice development, particularly improving early risk assessment, intervention and focus on heel ulcers. FurtherRead MoreDiabetes Assessment1121 Words   |  4 PagesStudent Network Resources Inc.  ©2003-2011 Diabetes Assessment Diabetes is a disease in which the body does not produce enough insulin to regulate blood sugar properly, or becomes resistant to the effects of insulin, also causing blood sugar to rise. High blood sugar is characteristic of diabetes. People who have diabetes have to take insulin shots or supplements in order to give their body enough insulin to regulate blood sugar. There are three main types of diabetes: Type 1 diabetes, Type 2Read MoreDiabetic Foot Ulcer Teaching Project1821 Words   |  8 Pagesadipose tissue; 5- Transporting amino acids from dietary proteins into cells. 6- Preserve glycogen, protein and fat from breakdown. Although insulin ports effects in higher levels and after ingestion of food, the pancreas continuously releases it, even in fasting periods. Along with glucagon (secreted by alpha cells) which has an opposite effect, insulin is key to maintaining euglycemia. Type two diabetes is characterized both by decreased levels of insulin secretion and insulin in the blood andRead MoreThe Fall Prevention Management Plan1372 Words   |  6 PagesFall Prevention Management Plan Most hospitalized patients of 65 years and above have been established to be more vulnerable to falling within their homes or in a facility. These falls have been attributed to various causative agents that need to be assessed and managed in an attempt to completely avert falls (Wilbert, 2010). Prevention of falls should be mandatory since they cause more danger to patients, including breakage of the main bones and even death. As a result, the patient may develop aRead MoreDrugs And Its Effects On Our Environment864 Words   |  4 Pagespharmaceuticals can sometimes provide that quick and easy effect, many people are ignoring the various consequences. One of the first consequences to take into account is that most medicines do not heal the root of the problem; medicines only temporarily mask the problem. If you think about it this way, using pharmaceuticals puts you in a never ending cycle for a quick fix. The second consequence that so many people ignore is the effect that these drugs have on our environment. Too often unusedRead MoreCritical Incident Pressure Area Near Miss3466 Words   |  14 PagesCaroline Barber S00155374 NSG 636 Critical Incident Pressure Injuries in the Perioperative Environment. Critical Incident Essay 30% Figure 1 from Walton-Greer, P. (2009). Prevention of Pressure Ulcers in the Surgical Patient. AORN Journal, 89(3), 538-552. MARKING CRITERIA INTRODUCTION 0-2 Some key information missing in introduction conclusion. 3-5 Detailed and focused introduction conclusion. 6-8 Well developed introduction conclusion. 9-10 Very well developed

In My Fathers Den free essay sample

In my Fathers Den, a brilliant example of subjective filmmaking and credit should be given to the director Brad McGann for successfully developing a character who takes a journey through regression. McGann uses a series of flashbacks for Paul to revisit the traumatic past and then back to the obscure present to deal with the outcome of his memories. Brad McGann develops the character Paul, as a man who is lonely and isolated yet mystifying and secretive. He blocks out his emotions completely which makes the audience intrigued to find out what has happened in his past that has made him the enclosed character he is today. The story includes themes found familiar to many New Zealand films, dark family secrets, small-town claustrophobia, the lure of the outside world. Its not so much a whodunit said McGann, but a whydunit. The film is as much about tone as plot, eloquently describing a world of emotionally damaged characters isolated from each other in stark landscapes. We will write a custom essay sample on In My Fathers Den or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The theme of escapism is consistently grabbing the audiences attention throughout McGann releases details sparingly, constructing his film as a kind of puzzle assembled from pieces of the past and present, with Priors attempts to forget his younger days.His use of camera movement adds new information, as flashbacks play a large role in this film. McGanns ability to stitch material together is significant as he doesn’t signal the shift between time periods heavy-handedly, and yet its always clear what is happening and how each new snippet of information contributes to the complex. McGanns use of cinematography is a great example of successful director skills. The use of camera angles and lighting effeteness on the film help create a mood to demand the audiences attention to discover the true identity of each character.McGanns panning of the den, prepares the audience with a flashback, and as a small boy (Paul) with his father the lighting of warmth is portrayed with the effeteness of connection and close feeling with the young boy and his father. Celia’s grief as she console’s Paul for the truth, the warmth of the fire light against Paul’s face makes the audience devoted to feel sorry for him and feel his pain. McGanns successful use of director skills impacts the audiences views on the film â€Å"In my Fathers Den†. This film is carefully crafted, as it is a dialogue for ironic social comment and characters.

Brief History free essay sample

The Atomic Bomb Abigail Dockstader Senior Division Research Paper The Atomic Bomb The Atomic Bomb is one of the deadliest weapons ever to be created. It has changed the history of the world. The atomic bomb would be the first weapon to bring together the world and shatter it altogether. In 1945, the only weapon that could destroy the world was built. This is the story of the history, creation, and innovation of the Atomic Bomb. In 1905, Albert Einstein published his Theory of Relativity, or E=MC2. It states that energy equals mass times the velocity of light squared (Watson, para. 1). This means that any mass is equal to a certain amount of energy. In 1921, two German scientists, Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann, with the help of Otto Frisch and Lise Meitner test with uranium (Roleff, pg. 15). With their knowledge of the Theory of Relativity, they discovered a breakthrough. The theory of Fission. We will write a custom essay sample on Brief History or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page When a uranium atom is mixed with many neutrons, the atom actually splits. It’s more like taking a heavier element and splitting it into lighter elements. This means that it can release nuclear energy on an immense scale. These two theories will help with the creation of the atom bomb. The Race for the bomb During the discovery of these theories, many scientists were skeptical of the findings. A handful of nations went to work developing the theory and soon it became a race to see who could build the bomb first. England, Germany and the United States all began projects to develop weapons of mass destruction. In 1939, Albert Einstein was afraid that Nazi Germany would create the Atom Bomb. Albert sent a letter to President Franklin D Roosevelt, stating that Germany was at work with Atom Bombs. He also stated in the letter that is was okay with the Americans to use his Theory of Relativity to be used in the making of the atom bomb. Part of the letter states In the course of the last four months it has been made probable through the work of Joliot in France as well as Fermi and Szilard in America-that it may become possible to set up a nuclear chain reaction in a large mass of uranium, by which vast amounts of power and large quantities of new radium-like elements would be generated. Now it appears this could be achieved in the immediate future. (Fromm. Par. 36). â€Å"The United States has only very poor ores of uranium in moderate quantities. There is some good ore in Canada and the former Czechoslovakia, while the most important source of uranium is the Belgian Congo  (Einstein Para 5). This is implying Einstein is allowing America to use his theory of relativity. Later in Einstein’s life, he was being interviewed and said at this time, I made one great mistake in my life when I signed the letter to President Roosevelt recommending that atom bombs be made; but there was some justification the danger that the Germans would make them. (Long, par. 11). Germany was about a year ahead with the atom bomb than America was.

Benefits of Writing Free Essay Samples

Benefits of Writing Free Essay SamplesMost students and professionals that are considering writing free essay samples writing are unaware of the benefits that they can obtain. The only way to get the most out of writing free essay samples writing is to make sure that you are aware of the following benefits.The first benefit of writing free essay samples writing is that you will be able to do it anytime you want. This means that there is no need to worry about deadlines or if you have any other obligations that are hard to meet. When you write a free essay samples writing, you can sit down and write whenever you want.The second benefit of writing free essay samples writing is that it is a great exercise for the student who is doing his or her research and studying. Writing free essay samples writing is very helpful when you are trying to know as much information as possible. For example, if you are going to choose a certain subject, it is very important that you are able to include as much of your research in the essay.The third benefit of writing free essay samples writing is that it is useful for helping you with research. You can use the essay samples writing as a basis to begin your research. In this case, you will be able to check your sources and learn as much as you can before you actually start to work on your essay.The fourth benefit of writing free essay samples writing is that it can help improve your writing. For example, if you write a free essay samples writing that contains three sources and one source each, you will learn about the importance of combining sources. The thesis statement can be formed by looking at the free essay samples writing as a basis.Finally, the fifth benefit of writing free essay samples writing is that it will help you with editing. Many students and professionals who write free essay samples writing always forget to edit their essay. This is a common mistake because when you write a free essay samples writing, it is very e asy to forget about editing it and finish the essay.In summary, the sixth benefit of writing free essay samples writing is that it is very helpful to the student who is trying to complete theses or exams. In addition, this kind of writing is also very helpful to you when you are researching and making a thesis statement. Also, you will be able to use the essay samples writing as a base to start your research and study.The seventh benefit of writing free essay samples writing is that it will be useful to the writer who is trying to find the right material. For example, if you are writing a thesis statement, you will be able to easily see which sources to use and which ones to ignore. Also, the essay samples writing will be very helpful in deciding on a thesis statement.

How shakespeare presents romeo’s feelings in act 1 scene 1 and act 2 scene free essay sample

Love is an important theme in most of Shakespeare’s play, including in Romeo and Juliet because love is a stronger force than all the animosity and forces of fate in Romeo and Juliet. In Romeo and Juliet, Shakespeare’s play, Shakespeare explores Romeo’s change in attitude to love between Rosaline and Juliet. In Act 1 Scene 1 Shakespeare introduces us to Romeo’s passionate desire towards Rosaline through the use of oxymoron, monologues and vivid imagery. In contrast, in Act 2 Scene 2, when Romeo is addressing Juliet, his language shifts through the use of light, religious and mythical imagery to reflect his newly found romantic love to Juliet. In Act 1 scene 1, Shakespeare explores the attitude of an infatuated and unsettling love of Romeo to Rosaline. Romeo talks about his new found feeling love. â€Å"Ay me, sad hours seem long. Was that my father that went hence so fast? † This quotation shows that Romeo’s mood is sad, depressed, lifeless which makes time seems so long to him. We will write a custom essay sample on How shakespeare presents romeo’s feelings in act 1 scene 1 and act 2 scene or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Romeo is having a new experience to love and he’s having hormonal waving attention because even his father’s big car passed by, he didn’t even noticed it on the moment, he noticed after his father had passed him. Romeo is blindly in love and is confused at the same time. † Love is a smoke made with the fume of sighs. Being purged, fire sparkling in lover’s eyes†. This is a metaphor, a comparison where something is shown to be something else. This example shows that as Romeo is in love with Rosaline, he feels that love makes him blind and it’s torturing. In this example, love is compared as a smoke and Romeo is saying that love is like when smoke goes into your eyes, you would feel just like love, making you blind. The sighs that is in this quotation is the comparison with disappointment about love that is really a lot and is floating everywhere like smoke that floats everywhere in the air. Romeo feels that he’s confused and being tortured by loving Rosaline. Romeo talks about his new-found feeling ‘Alas that love, whose view is muffled still’, highlighting his sense of confusion. This notion is furthered through the use of binary opposition throughout Romeo’s oxymoron ‘O brawling love, O loving hate’. This monologue of strong contrasting images of love and hate in one sentence suggests that Romeo finds the intensity of his emotion towards Rosaline destabilising and his emotion is not calm and peaceful. Indeed, the deployment of oxymoron throughout Romeo’s speech such as ‘heavy lightness’ or ‘cold fire, sick health’ suggests that the character so overwhelmed by his feelings that he loses the sight of his common sense and spins and turns into mad love towards Rosaline. In Act 2, Scene, 2 Romeo’s attitude to love shifts from an infatuated love towards Rosaline to more true and youthful love he feels for Juliet. When Romeo sets his eyes on Juliet for the first time, he uses light imagery to express his feelings ‘Arise, fair sun, and kill the envious moon’. For Romeo, Juliet is the sun who has brought brightness into his life like the sun that brought brightness to people’s lives. This beautifully romantic imagery highlights the purity of Romeo’s feelings and underscores to the reader the powerful force of love that Romeo is now entangled in. Moreover, Shakespeare uses religious imagery to strengthen Romeo’s feelings. He refers Juliet as a ‘bright angel’, who is ‘a winged messenger of heaven’ . This religious imagery highlights the perfection of Romeo’s love to Juliet just as angels and saints are good and perfect, to Romeo, Juliet is so too. Interestingly, in Act 2 Scene 2 Romeo’s speech becomes more structured and less broken down by the constant repetition of ‘o’ that he often used in Act 1 Scene 1. â€Å"The brightness of her cheek would shame those stars†. Romeo is comparing that Juliet is small but brighter than the stars. â€Å"Love goes towards love as schoolboys from their books, but love, toward school with heavy looks†. This suggests that Romeo is inexperienced, he’s energetic and fast and also straight forward. Through change in syntax, Shakespeare signals to the reader Romeo’s changed attitude to love , he is no longer bewildered, but he is ascertained in his strong and passionate feeling to Juliet. There are also similarities of how Romeo express his feelings between the two girls. He uses lots of metaphorical imagery to describe his feelings. However, Romeo often describes Juliet as light and sweetness. â€Å"look thou but sweet† and â€Å"Juliet is the sun†. As a conclusion, Romeo’s feelings are expressed by Shakespeare differently in Act 1 scene 1 and Act 2 scene 2. His love for Rosaline is not a true love and it is as if he was forced to love because Romeo uses complicated language, his lines are stiff like he is reading or reciting poem. Despite this, Romeo’s expressed feelings for Juliet is truer because he uses more simple words and uses only specific imagery to compare Juliet as light. Even though Romeo had mistaken as love with Rosaline, he then finally finds his true love.

David Humes Moral Skepticism †Philosophy Essay

David Humes Moral Skepticism – Philosophy Essay Free Online Research Papers David Hume’s Moral Skepticism Philosophy Essay David Hume’s moral skepticism concluded that an individual’s morals are matters of their feelings about the fact, resulted from ones own experience. This was Hume’s empiricist method. Hume’s argument shifted philosophy in general from the norm to a radical point of view. Hume believed that the materials of thinking, our perceptions, are derived either two categories our ideads and our impressions. After reviewing Hume’s argument one can conclude that facts have no impact on a individual’s actions and morality never consists in any single matter of fact that could be perceived by reason alone. Today astonishing achievements in biomedical science and technology have led to an amazing ability to harvest stem cells. The debate over this issue is that of abortion. The opposition of stem cell research argues that the embryo is being destroyed during this process. This issue is one of our society’s morals. It is a promising area of research that can ultimately lead to the cure of many diseases. But why is it immoral to explore a process that can heal individuals suffering from such conditions as diabetes, Alzheimer’s and Parkinsons. Hume had argued that an individual’s â€Å"sentiments and affections,† not reason, is what leads us our actions. One can conclude that this stem cell research is moral because of their feelings about the subject. Not how they â€Å"ought† to feel about it, but how they really feel about it. The feelings associated with certain facts change from person to person. One may favor this research because they have personally been affected by it. Society says how we ought to feel about something and it is subjects that encounter this issue will reason it immoral because they have never had previous experience with it. So an individual who supports stem cell research had deemed it moral because his reason gave way to his â€Å"sentiment and affections.† Hume creates a point in that an individual ought to feel a certain way about something but they really feel different due to the impact of our feelings. It is our preception of the subject that creates a division amoung our people. I agree with Hume in that facts are neutral in determining an action. Somone can know all the facts about this issue but until they experience it personally they will continue to denouce stem cell research as immoral. Yet, when they experience first hand the outcomes and benefits of it their feelings will overpower their reason. In contrast to David Hume, Immanuel Kant’s philosophy of categorical imperative argued that the individuals are able to make decisions free from ourside forces. We have a free will which acts under the laws of itself. According to Kant, in each of us there is a noumenal reality, and a phenomental reality. The noumenal reality is that of which is unexplainable and unknown. It is everything the mind cannot explain, like an individual calculating how long they will live. It is just not possible, one can only The phenomental reality is that in which is known, or experienced. It is the natural world in which we live in. For instance, like how many days are in a week. The individual knows because they personally experience it weekly. Moral law of our own will means that we are able to make decisions by themselves and freely. To be subject to moral law of our own will is to question yourself whether or not the subject matter is ultimately good or bad. It is a point in which you decide that something is bad and you will not condem it. For instance, road rage results in many individuals raising the middle finger, but one may be subjected to their own moral law and decide it imoral to conduct such behavior. Moral law from an external source is those laws in which we are subject to by outside forces. It can be one’s society, religion, or family that pronouce what is right and wrong. For example, in the Jewish faith, tattoos are frowned apon. So if the individual wishes to remain a good jew, then they will condem tattoos. Kant emphasized the way in which the moral life was centered on duty. He believed that duties are created by rules or laws of some sort. For example the laws of a club lay down duties for its officers or city and state laws establish the duties of citizens. So when the subjects of these legislators do something because it is because of their duty to do so. The motivation we have for these duties comes from our own will to do so, if one wished not to conform to the laws, then one can choose not be be part of that city, state, or organization. Kant looks to the motives to see if the motive has true moral worth or not. He does not determine the moral worth on the consequences of an action. According to Kant, if a person is motivated purely by the good will, then does the motive have true moral worth? If the motive of doing inclinations, then the motive does not have true moral worth, even if such a motive brings about happiness for others. Kant isnt concerned about the consequences of whether your actions bring happiness or not. The problem with motives is that they are always changing. They are never absolute or constant feelings, emotions, or desires. The answer to the question on why there is so much violence and hate in the world is because peoples incentives or motives are based on desires and self-interest and NOT on the good will. So therefore inclinations cannot be relied on for making moral decisions. Research Papers on David Hume’s Moral Skepticism - Philosophy EssayComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoCapital PunishmentGenetic EngineeringEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeResearch Process Part One

Why did the Oligarchs exercise so much influence in Russian political Essay

Why did the Oligarchs exercise so much influence in Russian political and economic life in the period 1993 -99 - Essay Example They did not move quickly enough, however, and in the autumn of that year Yeltsin simply dissolved the old former soviet political apparatus and declared that a new Duma (Parliament) would be elected. The Duma election was scheduled for 1995 and Yeltsin himself ran for re-election as president in 1996. These events characterized a period of immense political and economic instability and this was the environment in which a new breed of key players was born: the so-called â€Å"Russian Oligarchs†. The term â€Å"oligarch† is derived from the Greek meaning â€Å"governing by the few† and it usually has negative connotations relating to the abuse of power. There are at least four important factors which contributed to the emergence of the oligarchs and their growing influence in both politics and economic life in the period 1993-1999. This study will look at each of these in turn: By the autumn of 1993, it was clear to all observers that the old Soviet systems had fallen away and there was no immediate substitute in place. Yeltsin relied upon his personal authority and the support of the military to wrest control out of a disintegrating situation. The scene was set for a new era. Waller (2005: 13) analyses this decade under the heading â€Å"The Yeltsin years 1991-1999: reaping the whirlwind† and this is a good description of the mood in Russia across all sections of society. Old systems and habits had simply been swept away and no one could tell what would happen next. Other commentators stress the risks inherent in the new situation: â€Å"Russia and the other post-communist societies had to feel their way forwards on the edge of a precipice in the dark.† (Sakwa, 2008: 303). The majority of the population seems to have suffered a certain amount of shock and paralysis. The old communist regime had produced many inefficient

A Reading and Referencing exercise Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

A Reading and Referencing exercise - Essay Example The article uses British birth cohort panel data to generate an understanding of how education and level of qualifications have an impact on earnings of the person in the long run (Blundell et al., 2000).   The article, â€Å"learning styles and academic outcome: The validity and utility of Vermunt’s inventory of learning styles in British Higher education setting† is written by Dr. Elizabeth A. Boyle, Tim Duffy and Karen Dunleavy. The study was conducted in British University and provided examination of how Vermunt’s integrated model of learning provides varied academic results as they are based on the different learning styles (Boyle et al., 2003). Binsardi and Ekwulugo have written an article, â€Å"International marketing of British education: research on the students’ perception and the UK market penetration†. The article talks about education in UK and perception of international students about it. Moreover, it provides analysis of UK perfor mance in the market with respect to their education system (Binsardi & Ekwulugo, 2003).   An article by Philip Brown, â€Å"The third wave†: education and the ideology of parentocracy â€Å" talks about the different eras of schooling and education system and how children have shifted their priorities based on abilities and efforts to their parents’ wishes and consent resulting from ‘ideology of parentocracy’ (Brown, 1990). The last article relevant to the module is, â€Å"Testing the Relationship between Education and Political Participation using the 1970 British Cohort. â€Å"Mikael Persson writes the article, and it talks about education system of British Institutes and its effect on political participation. The data is extracted from British cohort study showing how the education system has evolved and how individual’s cognitive ability is being used. However, the study concludes that

Pre-Socratic Philosophers Essay Example for Free

Pre-Socratic Philosophers Essay Pre-Socratic is the expression commonly used to describe those Greek thinkers who lived and wrote between 600 and 400 B.C. It was the Pre-Socratics who attempted to find universal principles which would explain the natural world from its origins to mans place in it. Although Socrates died in 399 B.C., the term Pre-Socratic indicates not so much a chronological limit, but rather an outlook or range of interests, an outlook attacked by both Protagoras (a Sophist) and Socrates, because natural philosophy was worthless when compared with the search for the good life. To give the Pre-Socratic thinkers their full due would require an article of encyclopedic scope. Given that, I have decided to list a number of sites on individual Pre-Socratic thinkers.Anaximander1. Life and SourcesThe history of written Greek philosophy starts with Anaximander of Miletus in Asia Minor, a fellow-citizen of Thales. He was the first who dared to write a treatise in prose, which has been called traditionally On Nature. This book has been lost, although it probably was available in the library of the Lyceum at the times of Aristotle and his successor Theophrastus. It is said that Apollodorus, in the second century BCE, stumbled upon a copy of it, perhaps in the famous library of Alexandria. Recently, evidence has appeared that it was part of the collection of the library of Taormina in Sicily, where a fragment of a catalogue has been found, on which Anaximander’s name can be read. Only one fragment of the book has come down to us, quoted by Simplicius (after Theophrastus), in the sixth century AD. It is perhaps the most famous and most discussed phrase in the history of philosophy.We also know very little of Anaximander’s life. He is said to have led a mission that founded a colony called Apollonia on the coast of the Black Sea. He also probably introduced the gnomon (a perpendicular sun-dial) into Greece and erected one in Sparta. So he seems to have been a much-traveled man, which is not astonishing, as the Milesians were known to be audacious sailors. It is also reported that he displayed solemn manners and wore pompous garments. Most of the information on Anaximander comes from Aristotle and his pupil Theophrastus, whose book on the history of philosophy was used, excerpted, and quoted by many other authors, the so-called doxographers, before it was lost. Sometimes, in these texts words or expressions appear that can with some certainty be ascribed  to Anaximander himself. Relatively many testimonies, approximately one third of them, have to do with astronomical and cosmological questions. Hermann Diels and Walter Kranz have edited the doxography (A) and the existing texts (B) of the Presocratic philosophers in Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker, Berlin 1951-19526. (A quotation like â€Å"DK 12A17†³ means: â€Å"Diels/Kranz, Anaximander, doxographical report no.17†³).| 2. The â€Å"Boundless† as Principle According to Aristotle and Theophrastus, the first Greek philosophers were looking for the â€Å"origin† or â€Å"principle† (the Greek word â€Å"archà ªÃ¢â‚¬  has both meanings) of all things. Anaximander is said to have identified it with â€Å"the Boundless† or â€Å"the Unlimited† (Greek: â€Å"apeiron,† that is, â€Å"that which has no boundaries†). Already in ancient times, it is complained that Anaximander did not explain what he meant by â€Å"the Boundless.† More recently, authors have disputed whether the Boundless should be interpreted as spatially or temporarily without limits, or perhaps as that which has no qualifications, or as that which is inexhaustible. Some scholars have even defended the meaning â€Å"that which is not experienced,† by relating the Greek word â€Å"apeiron† not to â€Å"peras† (â€Å"boundary,† â€Å"limit†), but to â€Å"perao† (â€Å"to experience,â⠂¬  â€Å"to apperceive†). The suggestion, however, is almost irresistible that Greek philosophy, by making the Boundless into the principle of all things, has started on a high level of abstraction. On the other hand, some have pointed out that this use of â€Å"apeiron† is atypical for Greek thought, which was occupied with limit, symmetry and harmony. The Pythagoreans placed the boundless (the â€Å"apeiron†) on the list of negative things, and for Aristotle, too, perfection became aligned with limit (Greek: â€Å"peras†), and thus â€Å"apeiron† with imperfection. Therefore, some authors suspect eastern (Iranian) influence on Anaximander’s ideas. Anaximenes (d. 528 BCE) According to the surviving sources on his life, Anaximenes flourished in the mid 6th century BCE and died around 528. He is the third philosopher of the Milesian School of philosophy, so named because like Thales and Anaximander, Anaximenes was an inhabitant of Miletus, in Ionia (ancient Greece). Theophrastus notes that Anaximenes was an associate, and possibly a student, of Anaximander’s. Anaximenes is best known for his doctrine that air is the source of all things. In this way, he differed with his predecessors like Thales, who held that water is the source of all things, and Anaximander, who thought that all things came from an unspecified boundless stuff. 2. Doctrine of Change Given his doctrine that all things are composed of air, Anaximenes suggested an interesting qualitative account of natural change: [Air] differs in essence in accordance with its rarity or density. When it is thinned it becomes fire, while when it is condensed it becomes wind, then cloud, when still more condensed it becomes water, then earth, then stones. Everything else comes from these. (DK13A5) Influence on later Philosophy Anaximenes’ theory of successive change of matter by rarefaction and condensation was influential in later theories. It is developed by Heraclitus (DK22B31), and criticized by Parmenides (DK28B8.23-24, 47-48). Anaximenes’ general theory of how the materials of the world arise is adopted by Anaxagoras(DK59B16), even though the latter has a very different theory of matter. Both Melissus (DK30B8.3) and Plato (Timaeus 49b-c) see Anaximenes’ theory as providing a common-sense explanation of change. Diogenes of Apollonia makes air the basis of his explicitly monistic theory. The Hippocratic treatise On Breaths uses air as the central concept in a theory of diseases. By providing cosmological accounts with a theory of change, Anaximenes separated them from the realm of mere speculation and made them, at least in conception, scientific theories capable of testing. Thales of Miletus (c. 620 BCE – c. 546 BCE) The ancient Greek philosopher Thales was born in Miletus in Greek Ionia. Aristotle, the major source for Thales’s philosophy and science, identified Thales as the first person to investigate the basic principles, the question of the originating substances of matter and, therefore, as the founder of the school of natural philosophy. Thales was interested in almost everything, investigating almost all areas of knowledge, philosophy, history, science, mathematics, engineering, geography, and politics. He  proposed theories to explain many of the events of nature, the primary substance, the support of the earth, and the cause of change. Thales was much involved in the problems of astronomy and provided a number of explanations of cosmological events which traditionally involved supernatural entities. His questioning approach to the understanding of heavenly phenomena was the beginning of Greek astronomy. Thales’ hypotheses were new and bold, and in freeing phenomena from godly intervention, he paved the way towards scientific endeavor. He founded the Milesian school of natural philosophy, developed the scientific method, and initiated the first western enlightenment. A number of anecdotes is closely connected to Thales’ investigations of the cosmos. When considered in association with his hypotheses they take on added meaning and are most enlightening. Thales was highly esteemed in ancient times, and a letter cited by Diogenes Laertius, and purporting to be from Anaximenes to Pythagoras, advised that all our discourse should begin with a reference to Thales (D.L. II.4). 1. The Writings of Thales Doubts have always existed about whether Thales wrote anything, but a number of ancient reports credit him with writings. Simplicius (Diels, Dox. p. 475) specifically attributed to Thales authorship of the so-called Nautical Star-guide. Diogenes Laertius raised doubts about authenticity, but wrote that ‘according to others [Thales] wrote nothing but two treatises, one On the Solstice and one On the Equinox‘ (D.L. I.23). Lobon of Argus asserted that the writings of Thales amounted to two hundred lines (D.L. I.34), and Plutarch associated Thales with opinions and accounts expressed in verse (Plutarch, De Pyth. or. 18. 402 E). Hesychius, recorded that ‘[Thales] wrote on celestial matters in epic verse, on the equinox, and much else’ (DK, 11A2). Callimachus credited Thales with the sage advice that navigators should navigate by Ursa Minor (D.L. I.23), advice which may have been in writing. Diogenes mentions a poet, Choerilus, who declared that ‘[Thales] was the first to maintain the immortality of the soul’ (D.L. I.24), and in De Anima, Aristotle’s words ‘from what is recorded about [Thales]‘, indicate that Aristotle was working from a written source. Diogenes recorded that  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ[Thales] seems by some accounts to have been the first to study astronomy, the first to predict eclipses of the sun and to fix the solstices; so Eudemus in his History of Astronomy. It was this which gained for him the admiration of Xenophanes and Herodotus and the notice of Heraclitus and Democritus’ (D.L. I.23). Eudemus who wrote a History of Astronomy, and also on geometry and theology, must be considered as a possible source for the hypotheses of Thales. The information provided by Diogenes is the sort of material which he would have included in his History of Astronomy, and it is possible that the titles On the Solstice, and On the Equinox were a vailable to Eudemus. Xenophanes, Herodotus, Heraclitus and Democritus were familiar with the work of Thales, and may have had a work by Thales available to them. A solstice is an astronomical event that happens twice each year when the Sun reaches its highest position in the sky as seen from the North or South Pole. The word solstice is derived from the Latin sol (sun) and sistere (to stand still), because at the solstices, the Sun stands still in declination; that is, the seasonal movement of the Suns path (as seen from Earth) comes to a stop before reversing direction. The solstices, together with the equinoxes, are connected with the seasons. In many cultures the solstices mark either the beginning or the midpoint of winter and summer. The term solstice can also be used in a broader sense, as the date (day) when this occurs. The day of the solstice is either the longest day of the year (in summer) or the shortest day of the year (in winter) for any place on Earth, because the length of time between sunrise and sunset on that day is the yearly maximum or minimum for that place. Proclus recorded that Thales was followed by a great wealth of geometers, most of whom remain as honoured names. They commence with Mamercus, who was a pupil of Thales, and include Hippias of Elis, Pythagoras, Anaxagoras, Eudoxus of Cnidus, Philippus of Mende, Euclid, and Eudemus, a friend of Aristotle, who wrote histories of arithmetic, of astronomy, and of geometry, and many lesser known names. It is possible that writings of Thales were available to some of these men. Any records which Thales may have kept would have been an advantage in his own work. This is especially true of mathematics, of the dates and times determined when fixing the solstices, the positions of stars, and in  financial transactions. It is difficult to believe that Thales would not have written down the information he had gathered in his travels, particularly the geometry he investigated in Egypt and his measuring of the height of the pyramid, his hypotheses about nature, and the cause of change. Proclus acknowledged Thales as the discoverer of a number of specific theorems (A Commentary on the First Book of Euclid’s Elements 65. 8-9; 250. 16-17). This suggests that Eudemus, Proclus’s source had before him the written records of Thales’s discoveries. How did Thales ‘prove’ his theorems if not in written words and sketches? The works On the Solstice, On the Equinox, which were attributed to Thales (D.L. I.23), and the ‘Nautical Star guide, to which Simplicius referred, may have been sources for the History of Astronomy of Eudemus (D.L. I.23). Pythagoras (c.570—c.495 BCE) The pre-Socratic Greek philosopher Pythagoras must have been one of the world’s greatest persons, but he wrote nothing, and it is hard to say how much of the doctrine we know as Pythagorean is due to the founder of the society and how much is later development. It is also hard to say how much of what we are told about the life of Pythagoras is trustworthy; for a mass of legend gathered around his name at an early date. Sometimes he is represented as a man of science, and sometimes as a preacher of mystic doctrines, and we might be tempted to regard one or other of those characters as alone historical. The truth is that there is no need to reject either of the traditional views. The union of mathematical genius and mysticism is common enough. Originally from Samos, Pythagoras founded at Kroton (in southern Italy) a society which was at once a religious community and a scientific school. Such a body was bound to excite jealousy and mistrust, and we hear of many struggles. Pythagoras himself had to flee from Kroton to Metapontion, where he died. It is stated that he was a disciple of Anaximander, his astronomy was the natural development of Anaximander’s. Also, the way in which the Pythagorean geometry developed also bears witness to its descent from that of Miletos. The great problem at this date was the duplication of the square, a problem which gave rise to the theorem of the square on the hypotenuse, commonly  known still as the Pythagorean proposition (Euclid, I. 47). If we were right in assuming that Thales worked with the old 3:4:5 triangle, the connection is obvious. Pythagoras argued that there are three kinds of men, just as there are three classes of strangers who come to the Olympic Games. The lowest consists of those who come to buy and sell, and next above them are those who come to compete. Best of all are those who simply come to look on. Men may be classified accordingly as lovers of wisdom, lovers of honor, and lovers of gain. That seems to imply the doctrine of the tripartite soul, which is also attributed to the early Pythagoreans on good authority, though it is common now to ascribe it to Plato. There are, however, clear references to it before his time, and it agrees much better with the general outlook of the Pythagoreans. The comparison of human life to a gathering like the Games was often repeated in later days. Pythagoras also taught the doctrine of Rebirth or transmigration, which we may have learned from the contemporary Orphics. Xenophanes made fun of him for pretending to recognize the voice of a departed friend in the howls of a beaten dog. Empedocles seems to be referring to him when he speaks of a man who could remember what happened ten or twenty generations before. It was on this that the doctrine of Recollection, which plays so great a part in Plato, was based. The things we perceive with the senses, Plato argues, remind us of things we knew when the soul was out of the body and could perceive reality directly. There is more difficulty about the cosmology of Pythagoras. Hardly any school ever professed such reverence for its founder’s authority as the Pythagoreans. ‘The Master said so’ was their watchword. On the other hand, few schools have shown so much capacity for progress and for adapting themselves to new conditions. Pythagoras started from the cosmical system of Anaximenes. Aristotle tells us that the Pythagoreans represented the world as inhaling ‘air’ form the boundless mass outside it, and this ‘air’ is identified with ‘the unlimited’. When, however, we come to the process by which things are developed out of the ‘unlimited’, we observe a great change. We hear nothing more of ‘separating out’ or even of rarefaction and condensation. Instead of that we have the theory that what gives form to the  Unlimited is the Limit. That is the great contribution of Pythagoras to philosophy, and we must try to understand it. Now the function of the Limit is usually illustrated from the arts of music and medicine, and we have seen how important these two arts were for Pythagoreans, so it is natural to infer that the key to its meaning is to be found in them. It may be taken as certain that Pythagoras himself discovered the numerical ratios which determine the concordant intervals of the musical scale. Similar to musical intervals, in medicine there are opposites, such as the hot and the cold, the wet and the dry, and it is the business of the physician to produce a proper ‘blend’ of these in the human body. In a well-known passage of Plato’s Phaedo (86 b) we are told by Simmias that the Pythagoreans held the body to be strung like an instrument to a certain pitch, hot and cold, wet and dry taking the place of high and low in music. Musical tuning and health are alike means arising from the application of Limit to the Unlimited. It was natural for Pythagoras to look for something of the same kind in the world at large. Briefly stated, the doctrine of Pythagoras was that all things are numbers. In certain fundamental cases, the early Pythagoreans represented numbers and explained their properties by means of dots arrang ed in certain ‘figures’ or patterns. Zeno’s Paradoxes In the fifth century B.C.E., Zeno of Elea offered arguments that led to conclusions contradicting what we all know from our physical experience–that runners run, that arrows fly, and that there are many different things in the world. The arguments were paradoxes for the ancient Greek philosophers. Because most of the arguments turn crucially on the notion that space and time are infinitely divisible—for example, that for any distance there is such a thing as half that distance, and so on—Zeno was the first person in history to show that the concept of infinity is problematical. In his Achilles Paradox, Achilles races to catch a slower runner–for example, a tortoise that is crawling away from him. The tortoise has a head start, so if Achilles hopes to overtake it, he must run at least to the place where the tortoise presently is, but by the time he arrives there, it will have crawled to a new place, so then Achilles must run to this new place, but the  tortoise meanwhile will have crawled on, and so forth. Achilles will never catch the tortoise, says Zeno. Therefore, good reasoning shows that fast runners never can catch slow ones. So much the worse for the claim that motion really occurs, Zeno says in defense of his mentor Parmenides who had argued that motion is an illusion. Although practically no scholars today would agree with Zeno’s conclusion, we can not escape the paradox by jumping up from our seat and chasing down a tortoise, nor by saying Achilles should run to some other target place ahead of where the tortoise is at the moment. What is required is an analysis of Zeno’s own argument that does not get us embroiled in new paradoxes nor impoverish our mathematics and science. This article explains his ten known paradoxes and considers the treatments that have been offered. Zeno assumed distances and durations can be divided into an actual infinity (what we now call a transfinite infinity) of indivisible parts, and he assumed these are too many for the runner to complete. Aristotle‘s treatment said Zeno should have assumed there are only potential infinities, and that neither places nor times divide into indivisible parts. His treatment became the generally accepted solution until the late 19th century. The current standard treatment says Zeno was right to conclude that a runner’s path contains an actual infinity of parts, but he was mistaken to assume this is too many. This treatment employs the apparatus of calculus which has proved its indispensability for the development of modern science. In the twentieth century it finally became clear that disallowing actual infinities, as Aristotle wanted, hampers the growth of set theory and ultimately of mathematics and physics. This standard treatment took hundreds of years to perfect and was due to the flexibility of intellectuals who were willing to replace old theories and their concepts with more fruitful ones, despite the damage done to common sense and our naive intuitions. The article ends by exploring newer treatments of the paradoxes—and related paradoxes such as Thomson’s Lamp Paradox—that were developed since the 1950s. Parmenides (b. 510 BCE) Parmenides was a Greek philosopher and poet, born of an illustrious family about BCE. 510, at Elea in Lower Italy, and is is the chief representative of the Eleatic philosophy. He was held in high esteem by his fellow-citizens for his excellent legislation, to which they ascribed the prosperity and wealth of the town. He was also admired for his exemplary life. A â€Å"Parmenidean life† was proverbial among the Greeks. He is commonly represented as a disciple of Xenophanes. Parmenides wrote after Heraclitus, and in conscious opposition to him, given the evident allusion to Hericlitus: â€Å"for whom it is and is not, the same and not the same, and all things travel in opposite directions† (fr. 6, 8). Little more is known of his biography than that he stopped at Athens on a journey in his sixty-fifth year, and there became acquainted with the youthful Socrates. That must have been in the middle of the fifth century BCE., or shortly after it. Parmenides broke with the older Ionic prose tradition by writing in hexameter verse. His didactic poem, called On Nature, survives in fragments, although the Proem (or introductory discourse) of the work has been preserved. Parmenides was a young man when he wrote it, for the goddess who reveals the truth to him addresses him as â€Å"youth.† The work is considered inartistic. Its Hesiodic style was appropriate for the cosmogony he describes in the second part, but is unsuited to the arid dialectic of the first. Parmenides was no born poet, and we must ask what led him to take this new departure. The example of Xenophanes’ poetic writings is not a complete explanation; for the poetry of Parmenides is as unlike that of Xenophanes as it well can be, and his style is more like Hesiod and the Orphics. In the Proem Parmenides describes his ascent to the home of the goddess who is supposed to speak the remainder of the verses; this is a reflexion of the conventional ascents i nto heaven which were almost as common as descents into hell in the apocalyptic literature of those days. The Proem opens with Parmenides representing himself as borne on a chariot and attended by the Sunmaidens who have quitted the Halls of Night to guide him on his journey. They pass along the highway till they come to the Gate of Night and Day, which is locked and barred. The key is in the keeping of Dike (Right), the Avenger, who is persuaded to unlock it by the Sunmaidens.  They pass in through the gate and are now, of course, in the realms of Day. The goal of the journey is the palace of a goddess who welcomes Parmenides and instructs him in the two ways, that of Truth and the deceptive way of Belief, in which is no truth at all. All this is described without inspiration and in a purely conventional manner, so it must be interpreted by the canons of the apocalyptic style. It is clearly meant to indicate that Parmenides had been converted, that he had passed from error (night) to truth (day), and the Two Ways must represent his former error and the truth which is now revealed to h im. There is reason to believe that the Way of Belief is an account of Pythagorean cosmology. In any case, it is surely impossible to regard it as anything else than a description of some error. The goddess says so in words that cannot be explained away. Further, this erroneous belief is not the ordinary man’s view of the world, but an elaborate system, which seems to be a natural development the Ionian cosmology on certain lines, and there is no other system but the Pythagorean that fulfils this requirement. To this it has been objected that Parmenides would not have taken the trouble to expound in detail a system he had altogether rejected, but that is to mistake the character of the apocalyptic convention. It is not Parmenides, but the goddess, that expounds the system, and it is for this reason that the beliefs described are said to be those of ‘mortals’. Now a description of the ascent of the soul would be quite incomplete without a picture of the region from which it had escaped. The goddess must reveal the two ways at the parting of which Parmenides stands, and bid him choose the better. The rise of mathematics in the Pythagorean school had revealed for the first time the power of thought. To the mathematician of all men it is the same thing that can be thought and that can be, and this is the principle from which Parmenides starts. It is impossible to think what is not, and it is impossible for what cannot be thought to be. The great question, Is it or is it not? is therefore equivalent to the question, Can it be thought or not? In any case, the work thus has two divisions. The first discusses the truth, and the second the world of illusion — that is, the world of the senses and the erroneous opinions of mankind founded upon them. In his opinion truth  lies in the perception that existence is, and error in the idea that non-existence also can be. Nothing can have real existence but what is conceivable; therefore to be imagined and to be able to exist are the same thing, and there is no development. The essence of what is conceivable is incapable of development, imperishable, immutable, unbounded, and indivisible. What is various and mutable, all development, is a delusive phantom. Perception is thought directed to the pure essence of being; the phenomenal world is a delusion, and the opinions formed concerning it can only be improbable. Parmenides goes on to consider in the light of this principle the consequences of saying that anything is. In the first place, it cannot have come into being. If it had, it must have arisen from nothing or from something. It cannot have arisen from nothing; for there is no nothing. It cannot have arisen from something; for here is nothing else than what is. Nor can anything else besides itself come into being; for there can be no empty space in which it could do so. Is it or is it not? If it is, then it is now, all at once. In this way Parmenides refutes all accounts of the origin of the world. Ex nihilo nihil fit. Further, if it is, it simply is, and it cannot be more or less. There is, therefore, as much of it in one place as in another. (That makes rarefaction and condensation impossible.) it is continuous and indivisible; for there is nothing but itself which could prevent its parts being in contact with one another. It is therefore full, a continuous indivisible plenum. (That is directed against the Pythagorean theory of a discontinuous reality.) Further, it is immovable. If it moved, it must move into empty space, and empty space is nothing, and there is no nothing. Also it is finite and spherical; for it cannot be in one direction any more than in another, and the sphere is the only figure of which this can be said. What is, therefore a finite, spherical, motionless, continuous plenum, and there is nothing beyond it. Coming into being and ceasing to be are mere ‘names’, and so is motion, and still more color and the like. They are not even thoughts; for a thought must be a thought of something that is, and none of these can be. Such is the conclusion to which the view of the real as a single body inevitably leads, and there is no escape from it. The ‘matter’ of our physical text-books is just the real of Parmenides; and, unless we can find room for something else than matter, we are shut up into his account of reality. No subsequent system could afford to ignore this, but of course it was impossible to acquiesce permanently in a doctrine like that of Parmenides. It deprives the world we know of all claim to existence, and reduces it to something which is hardly even an illusion. If we are to give an intelligible account of the world, we must certainly introduce motion again somehow. That can never be taken for granted any more, as it was by the early cosmologists; we must attempt to explain it if we are to escape from the conclusions of Parmenides. Heraclitus (fl. c.500 BCE) A Greek philosopher of the late 6th century BCE, Heraclitus criticizes his predecessors and contemporaries for their failure to see the unity in experience. He claims to announce an everlasting Word (Logos) according to which all things are one, in some sense. Opposites are necessary for life, but they are unified in a system of balanced exchanges. The world itself consists of a law-like interchange of elements, symbolized by fire. Thus the world is not to be identified with any particular substance, but rather with an ongoing process governed by a law of change. The underlying law of nature also manifests itself as a moral law for human beings. Heraclitus is the first Western philosopher to go beyond physical theory in search of metaphysical foundations and moral applications. Anaxagoras (c.500—428 BCE) Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years. He gained notoriety for his materialistic views, particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock. This led to charges of impiety, and he was sentenced to death by the Athenian court. He avoided this penalty by leaving Athens, and he spent his remaining years in exile. While Anaxagoras proposed theories on a variety of subjects, he is most noted for two theories. First, he speculated that in the physical world everything contains a portion of everything else. His observation of how nutrition works in animals led him to conclude that in order for the food an animal eats to turn into bone,  hair, flesh, and so forth, it must already contain all of those constituents within it. The second theory of significance is Anaxagoras’ postulation of Mind (Nous) as the initiating and governing principle of the cosmos. Democritus ( 460—370 BCE) Democritus was born at Abdera, about 460 BCE, although according to some 490. His father was from a noble family and of great wealth, and contributed largely towards the entertainment of the army of Xerxes on his return to Asia. As a reward for this service the Persian monarch gave and other Abderites presents and left among them several Magi. Democritus, according to Diogenes Laertius, was instructed by these Magi in astronomy and theology. After the death of his father he traveled in search of wisdom, and devoted his inheritance to this purpose, amounting to one hundred talents. He is said to have visited Egypt, Ethiopia, Persia, and India. Whether, in the course of his travels, he visited Athens or studied under Anaxagoras is uncertain. During some part of his life he was instructed in Pythagoreanism, and was a disciple of Leucippus. After several years of traveling, Democritus returned to Abdera, with no means of subsistence. His brother Damosis, however, took him in. According to the law of Abdera, whoever wasted his patrimony would be deprived of the rites of burial. Democritus, hoping to avoid this disgrace, gave public lectures. Petronius relates that he was acquainted with the virtues of herbs, plants, and stones, and that he spent his life in making experiments upon natural bodies. He acquired fame with his knowledge of natural phenomena, and predicted changes in the weather. He used this ability to make people believe that he could predict future events. They not only viewed him as something more than mortal, but even proposed to put him in control of their public affairs. He preferred a contemplative to an active life, and therefore declined these public honors and passed the remainder of his days in solitude. Credit cannot be given to the tale that Democritus spent his leisure hours in chemical researches after the philosopher’s stone — the dream of a later age; or to the story of his conversation with Hippocrates concerning Democritus’s supposed madness, as based on spurious letters. Democritus has been commonly known as â€Å"The Laughing Philosopher,† and it is gravely related  by Seneca that he never appeared in public with out expressing his contempt of human follies while laughing. Accordingly, we find that among his fellow-citizens he had the name of â€Å"the mocker†. He died at more than a hundred years of age. It is said that from then on he spent his days and nights in caverns and sepulchers, and that, in order to master his intellectual faculties, he blinded himself with burning glass. This story, however, is discredited by the writers who mention it insofar as they say he wrote books and dissected animals, neither of which could be done we ll without eyes. Democritus expanded the atomic theory of Leucippus. He maintained the impossibility of dividing things ad infinitum. From the difficulty of assigning a beginning of time, he argued the eternity of existing nature, of void space, and of motion. He supposed the atoms, which are originally similar, to be impenetrable and have a density proportionate to their volume. All motions are the result of active and passive affection. He drew a distinction between primary motion and its secondary effects, that is, impulse and reaction. This is the basis of the law of necessity, by which all things in nature are ruled. The worlds which we see — with all their properties of immensity, resemblance, and dissimilitude — result from the endless multiplicity of falling atoms. The human soul consists of globular atoms of fire, which impart movement to the body. Maintaining his atomic theory throughout, Democritus introduced the hypothesis of images or idols (eidola), a kind of emanation from external objects, which make an impression on our senses, and from the influence of which he deduced sensation (aesthesis) and thought (noesis). He distinguished between a rude, imperfect, and therefore false perception and a true one. In the same manner, consistent with this theory, he accounted for the popular notions of Deity; partly through our incapacity to understand fully the phenomena of which we are witnesses, and partly from the impressions communicated by certain beings (eidola) of enormous stature and resembling the human figure which inhabit the air. We know these from dreams and the causes of divination. He carried his theory into practical philosophy also, laying down that happiness consisted in an even temperament. From this he deduced his moral principles and prudential maxims. It was from Democritus that  Epicurus borrowed the princi pal features of his philosophy. Empedocles (c.492—432 BCE) Empedocles (of Acagras in Sicily) was a philosopher and poet: one of the most important of the philosophers working before Socrates (the Presocratics), and a poet of outstanding ability and of great influence upon later poets such as Lucretius. His works On Nature and Purifications (whether they are two poems or only one – see below) exist in more than 150 fragments. He has been regarded variously as a materialist physicist, a shamanic magician, a mystical theologian, a healer, a democratic politician, a living god, and a fraud. To him is attributed the invention of the four-element theory of matter (earth, air, fire, and water), one of the earliest theories of particle physics, put forward seemingly to rescue the phenomenal world from the static monism of Parmenides. Empedocles’ world-view is of a cosmic cycle of eternal change, growth and decay, in which two personified cosmic forces, Love and Strife, engage in an eternal battle for supremacy. In psychology and ethics Empedocles was a follower of Pythagoras, hence a believer in the transmigration of souls, and hence also a vegetarian. He claims to be a daimà ´n, a divine or potentially divine being, who, having been banished from the immortals gods for ‘three times countless years’ for committing the sin of meat-eating and forced to suffer successive reincarnations in an purificatory journey through the different orders of nature and elements of the cosmos, has now achieved the most perfect of human states and will be reborn as an immortal. He also claims seemingly magical powers including the ability to revive the dead and to control the winds and rains.